Vespula

Other food lures which have had practical use ia trapping insect pests include isoamyl saUcylate [87-20-7] for moths of the tomato and tobacco homworms, Manduca spp. heptyl butyrate [5870-93-0] for stinging yeUowjackets, Vespula spp. and l-octene-3-ol [3391-86-4] for the bloodsucking tsetse dies, Glossina spp. 

Genus Apis Bombus Vespula Dolichovespula Vespa Polistes Myrmecia Solenopsis Pogono- Formica ... 

Species Apis Bombus Vespula D. media V.crabro P. dominulus M. pilosula S. invicta 1 Prugosus F. rufa ... 

Fig. 2. Species of Hymenoptera responsible for systemic allergic reactions (a) honey bee A. mellif-era), (b) bumble bee (Bombus spp.j, (c) wasp, in the USA yellow jacket (Vespula spp.j, (d) European paper wasp (P. gallicus), (e) European hornet (V. crabro), and (f) Australian jack jumper ant (M. pilo-sula) [by courtesy of Dr. S.G. Brown, Perth, Australia]. 

In the genera Dolichovespula, D. maculata and D. arenaria, the American hornets, are the most prevalent species in the USA in Europe, D. saxonica, D. media and D. sylvestris are important. Dolichovespula usually build their nests above ground, either hanging freely in tree branches, or in attics or window shutters. In contrast to Vespula, Dolichovespula has not much interest in human foods and stings therefore occur mainly near their nests. 

Venom collection is done by electrostimulation in honey bees [8] and by venom sac extraction in vespids [9]. While electrostimulation results in pure venom, venom sac extracts may be contaminated by some body proteins. The amoimt of venom injected by a sting varies from 50 to 140 pg dry weight for the honey bee, but was estimated to be much lower in vespids 1.7-3.1 pg for Vespula, 2.4-5 pg for Dolichovespula, and 4.2-17 pg for Polistes [10]. 

A number of allergens from both honey bee and vespid venoms have been cloned and expressed by either Escherichia coli or baculovirus-infected insect cells (table 1) phospholipase Aj [20], hyaluronidase [21], acid phosphatase [13] and Api m6 [14] from honey bee venom, as well as antigen 5 [22], phospholipase A and hyaluronidase [23] from vespid venom, and dipeptidylpeptidases from both bee and Vespula venoms [15, 16]. Their reactivity with human-specific IgE antibodies to the respective allergens has been documented [11-16, 22, 23] and their specificity is superior... 

Nielsen J. Haeberli G Hymenoptera venom allergy analysis of double positivity to honey bee and Vespula venom by estimation of IgE antibodies to 38 species-specific major allergens Api ml and Ves v5. Allergy 2009 64 543-548. 

Figure 7 Venomous hymenoptera insects, (a) Common honeybee (Apis me/Z/fera) (b), eastern yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons)-, (c) European hornet (Vespa crabro), (d) bull ant (Myrmecia esuriens)-, (e) Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia japonica,)] (f) wasp stinger. Photos from (a) to (f) by Autan (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), E. Begin (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), N. Jones (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), Nuytsia (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), Netman (Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License), and M. Halldin (GNU free documentation license), respectively.

The venoms of many kinds of bees, wasps, and hornets (the genera Vespa, Polistes, Vespula, Ropalidia, etc.) contain biogenic amines such as histamine (136), serotonin (141), and catecholamines in addition to polyamines such as putrescine (111), spermidine (110), and spermine (112) (Table VIII). The biogenic amines in the venoms act as the main pain-producing principles 46). The contents of these amines in the venom may affect the severity of pain production, edematous reaction of the skin, or increase in skin permeability by stings of these insects. Consequently these amines act as toxins for their defense, together with acetylcholine, enzymes, and peptides 47). 

Sagara, N. and Kobayashi, T. (1979). Hebeloma spoliatum appeared from abandoned nest-chambers of Vespula lewisi, a ground wasp. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 20, 266-267 (in Japanese). 

Vespidae. Al though the role of CHCs as recognition cues has been intensively studied in a dozen Polistes wasp species (Bonavita-Cougourdan et al., 1991 Lorenzi et al., 1996, 1997 Bagneres et al., 1996a Dani, 2006), as well as in the Vespula wasp (Butts et al., 1993), chemotaxonomy based on venom volatile chemical profiles was reported recently (Bruschini et al., 2007). There is currently no review paper comparing CHCs from the different social wasps studied. 

Butts, D. R, Espelie, K.E. and Hermann, H.R. (1991). Cuticular hydrocarbons of four species of social wasps in the subfamily vespinae Vespa crabro (L.), Dolichovespula maculata (L.), Vespula squamosa (Drury), and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 99, 87-91. 

Helantera, H., Tofilski, A., Wenseleers, T. and Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2006). Worker policing in the common wasp Vespula vulgaris is not aimed at improving colony hygiene. Insect Soc., 53, 399-402. 

Poli F, Longo G, Parmiani S. The safety and efficacy of immunotherapy with aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed venom extract of Vespula spp. An open, retrospective study. AUergol Immunopathol (Madr)... 

Reviews on the pharmacology, extractipn and identification, and abuse of amphetamines have appeared. Other studies deal with the pharmacology of various phenethanolamines and of iV-acetoacetyldopa. It is considered likely that the hypotensive and lethal action of the venoms of the bald-faced hornet Vespula maculata and the yellow jacket V. maculifrons is due to the combined action of many constituents. Of these histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine have now been identified. ... 

WOOD, M.J., RATNIEKS, F.L.W., Olfactory cues and Vespula wasp recognition by honey bee guards. ApidoL, 2004, 35, 461-468. 

Chalcid wasp, Hemadas nubilpennis, 332 Common wasp, Vespula vulgaris, 797 German wasp, Vespula germanica, 797 Weevil... 

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