Atmosphere general circulation

Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. To determine how the ocean responds to a C02-induced climate forcing, it will be necessary to develop a combined ocean and atmospheric general circulation model. It will take 10-20 years to develop a model with appropriate chemistry and biology to the level of confidence necessary to make valid projections. In the interim, two approaches can be pursued in parallel with this model development. 

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Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dumenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida U. (1996) The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4 Model description and simulation of present-day climate, Rep. 218, Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany. 

Roeckner E. Arpe K. Bengtsson L. Christoph M. Claussen M. Dumenil L. Esch M. Giorgetta M. Schlese U. and Schulzweida U. (1996). The Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM-4 Model Description and Simulation of Present-Day Climate. Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie Report No. 218, Hamburg, Germany, 90 pp. 

The global chemistry transport model (CTM) part is based on the CHASER model, which is based on CCSR/NIES/FRCGC atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) version 5.7b. The basic features of the model have been already described in Sect. 2. The regional CTM part is based on WRF/Chem (Grell et al. 2005). The databases used are the following ... 

Numaguti A, Takahashi M, Nakajima T, Sumi A (1997) Development of CCSR/NIES atmospheric general circulation model, no. 3 in CGER s Supercomput. Monogr. Rep., CGER, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, pp 1 8... 

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Andersen U. (1997) Modeling the stable water isotopes in precipitation using the LMD.5.3 atmospheric general circulation model. PhD Thesis, NBIAPG, University of Copenhagen, 100pp. 

Hoffmann G., Werner M., and Heimann M. (1998) Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model a study on time scales from days to several years. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 16871-16896. 

Hoffmann G., Masson V., and Jouzel J. (2000) Stable water isotopes in atmospheric general circulation models. Hydrol. Process. 14, 1385-1406. 

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The snow collected 33 km from Dumont d Urville was found to contain a ° Pb/ ° Pb ratio significantly lower than the background showing that it was polluted by base emissions, probably from leaded fuel which was purchased in Australia ( Pb/ ° Pb as low as 1.07). An alternative mechanism for lowering the ratio in the coastal snow was the transfer of Australian emissions through the atmosphere which was consistent with atmospheric general circulation models (54). Snow at the South Pole was also polluted by emissions from the Amundsen-Scott base, located only 7.3 km away. 

Cess R.D., ZhangM.-H., Potter G.L., Barker H.W., Coleman R.A. 25 others (1993) Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models. Science 262, 1252—5. 

Schlesinger, M.E., and Y. Mintz, Numerical simulation of ozone production, transport and distribution with a global atmospheric general circulation model. J Atmos Sci 36, 1325, 1979. 

Cubasch, U., Voss, R., Hegerl, G. C., Waszkewitz, J., and Crowley, T. J. (1997). Simulatkrn of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 13, 757-767. 

Lorenz, S., Grieger, B., Helbig, P, and Herterich, K. (1996). Investigating the sensitivity of the Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM 3 to paleoclimatic boundary conditions. Geol. Rundschau 85, 513-524. 

Vettorctti, G., Peltier, W. R., and McFarlane, N. A. (1998). Simulations of mid-Holocene climate using an atmospheric general circulation model. / Climate 11, 2607-2627. 

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