Vertebrate embryos and larvae

Developmental stages of several fish species have been evaluated with calorespirometry. The CR ratios for developing turbot Scophthalmus maximus) embryos and larvae [43] fell within the theoretical scope for oxycaloric equivalents that reflected a fully aerobic metabolism (Table 1). TTie total measured heat dissipation over the first 19 h post-fertilization matched the expected heat dissipated calculated from aerobic glycogen consumption across the same period (measured, -1.80 to -1.91 mJ biochemically predicted, -1.90 mJ). Lactate was low and constant across this period of development. The energetic role played by carbohydrates diminished after commencement of epiboly. Similar CR ratios to those of the turbot (Table 1) have been reported for embryos of the arctic char [44], 

The mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus has been used extensively for studies of genetic variation within and among populations. Specifically, much attention has been given to variation in allelic frequencies for the Ldh-B locus among populations of this marine teleost distributed across a temperature dine along the Atlantic coast of North America [e.g., 100,101]. The allelic enzymes encoded 

Predicted heat dissipation by Fundulus heteroclitus embryos during early development versus the measured heat flux [after 41] 

Genotype and Developmental Time/h DissipationV/iW Observed 1 Dissipation 

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