Verniers

In this experiment students measure the length of a pestle using a wooden meter stick, a stainless-steel ruler, and a vernier caliper. The data collected in this experiment provide an opportunity to discuss significant figures and sources of error. Statistical analysis includes the Q-test, f-test, and F-test. 

There are two categories of equipment which determine the selection of equipment general-purpose and special-to-type equipment. It should not be necessary to specify all the general-purpose equipment needed to perform basic measurements, which would be expected to be known by appropriately trained personnel. You should not need to tell an inspector or tester which micrometer, vernier caliper, voltmeter, or oscilloscope to use. These are the tools of the trade and they should select the tool which is capable of measuring the particular parameters with the accuracy and precision required. However, you will need to tell them which device to use if the measurement requires unusual equipment or the environmental conditions prevailing require that only equipment be selected that will operate in such an environment. In such cases the particular devices to be used should be specified in the test or inspection procedures. In order to demonstrate that you selected the appropriate device at some later date, you should consider recording the actual device used in the record of results. With mechanical devices this is not normally necessary because wear should be detected well in advance of there being a problem by periodic calibration. 

Fein-messen, n. precision measurement, -mes-ser, m. micrometer vernier, -messgerat, n. precision measuring instrument, -messlehre, /. micrometer caliper or gage, -mess-... 

Nonius, m. ipl. Nonien) vernier, -einteilung,/. vernier scale. 

Pregnant females were sacrificed by carbon dioxide anesthesia on day 21 of gestation the uterine horns were exteriorized through a midline incision in the abdominal wall, and the number and position of live, dead, and resorbed fetuses were noted. After being weighed and sexed, the fetuses were examined for external anomalies the crown-rump length was measured with a vernier caliper. Half of each litter was preserved in Bouin s solution and later examined for soft tissue anomalies (16) the other half was preserved in alcohol, cleared and stained with Alizarin red-S, and examined for skeletal abnormalities (2). 

Vernier, P, Cardinaud, B, Valdenaire, O, Philippe, H and Vincent, J-D (1995) An evolutionary view of drug-receptor interaction the bioamine receptor family. TIPS 16 375-381. 

Delhaye proposed the following general two-phase equations (Vernier and Del-haye, 1968 Delhaye, 1969a). 

Vernier, P, and J. M. Delhaye, 1968, General Two-Phase Flow Equations Applied to the Thermohydrodynamics of BWR s, Centre d Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, Service des Transports Thermiques Also see Energie Prmtaire 4( ). (3)... 

Some of the earliest examples of modulated structures to be unraveled were the fluorite-related vernier structures. These structures occur in a number of anion-excess fluorite-related phases and use a modulation to accommodate composition variation. They can be illustrated by the orthorhombic phases formed when the oxyfluoride YOF reacts with small amounts of YF3 to give composition YOxF3 with x in the range 0.78-0.87, but similar phases occur in the Zr(N, O, F) system with x taking values of 2.12-2.25 and other systems in which the Zr is replaced by a variety of lanthanides. 

Figure 4.36 Y-O-F vernier structures (a) idealized square anion net in Y706F9 (b) idealized hexagonal anion net in Y7OgF9 and (c) the two nets superimposed to show that seven square cells fit with eight triangular cells, which represents the idealized anion nets in Y7C>6F9.

R. Mourey, G. Anderson, J. Hirsch, M. Meyers, S. Mnich, L. Stillwell, M. Thiede, W. Vernier, E. Webb, J. Zhang, M. Gaestel and J. Monahan, poster abstract A142, 14th International Conference of the Inflammation Research Association, October 15-19, 2006, Cambridge, MD, USA. 

Bodinier, J. L., Vasseur, G., Vernieres, J., Dupuy., C. Fabries, J. (1990). Mechanisms of mantle metasomatism Geochemical evidence from the Lherz orogenic peridotite. J. 

The classification and nomenclature of the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN, 1985) as applied to acquired chromosome aberrations is recommended. Score sheets giving the slide code, microscope scorer s name, date, cell number, number of chromosomes and aberration types should be used. These should include chromatid and chromosome gaps, deletions, exchanges and others. A space for the vernier reading for comments and a diagram of the aberration should be available. 

Composite crystals, in which the structure can be described as resulting from two or more substructures (related to two or more sets of three dimensional lattices) having different periodicity along at least one direction (chimney-ladder structures, vernier structures, misfit-layer structures, etc.). See the scheme presented in Fig. 3.42. 

A group of crystals show diffraction patterns in which two or more 3D lattices having periods commensurate or incommensurate to each other may be recognized. In other words, the crystal consists of two or more interpenetrating substructures (two or more different atom sets) with different periods at least along one direction (see Fig. 3.42). Names such as composite crystals, vernier structures, misfit-layer structures, and chimney-ladder structures have been used for this group of structures. 

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