Velocity contraction

All sextet states of lr3 have smaller 6s populations, especially at the apex atoms compared to the octet states. Since relativistic mass-velocity effect stabilizes the 6s orbitals, the octet electronic states with enhanced 6s populations are favored for lr3 over the sextet states. The 6p populations of all electronic states in this table are between 0.13 and 0.20. The apex atoms of the octet states exhibit smaller 5d population compared to the base atoms, while for all sextet, quartet and doublet states the apex atoms exhibit more 5d populations than the base atoms. The 6s Mulliken populations of all of the electronic states of Ir3 are larger compared to the corresponding 5s Mulliken populations of Rh3. This is compensated by slightly smaller 5d and 6p populations in the case of lr3. The enhanced 6s populations for all of the electronic states of lr3 can be explained based on the relativistic mass-velocity contraction of the 6s orbital of the Ir atom, which stabilizes this orbital thus leading to enhanced 6s populations. 

In a submerged-tube FC evaporator, all heat is imparted as sensible heat, resulting in a temperature rise of the circulating hquor that reduces the overall temperature difference available for heat transfer. Temperature rise, tube proportions, tube velocity, and head requirements on the circulating pump all influence the selec tion of circulation rate. Head requirements are frequently difficult to estimate since they consist not only of the usual friction, entrance and contraction, and elevation losses when the return to the flash chamber is above the liquid level but also of increased friction losses due to flashing in the return line and vortex losses in the flash chamber. Circulation is sometimes limited by vapor in the pump suction hne. This may be drawn in as a result of inadequate vapor-liquid separation or may come from vortices near the pump suction connection to the body or may be formed in the line itself by short circuiting from heater outlet to pump inlet of liquor that has not flashed completely to equilibrium at the pressure in the vapor head. 

The head required for flow of continuous phase he includes losses due to (1) friction in the down spout, which should be negligible, (2) contraction and expansion upon entering and leaving the down spout, and (3) two abrupt changes in direction. These total 4.5 velocity heads ... 

Number of velocity heads for fittings, expansions, contractions, and bends... 

Also in the long term, the equipment loses its eflicieney, and replacement parts are substituted in a maintenance function. Also, the plant goes through production expansions and contractions new equipment is added into the pipes. In short, the system and its elevations and pressures, its resistances and velocities, are very dynamic. The BEP of the pump is static. 

Mechanisms of Cardiotoxicity Chemical compounds often affect the cardiac conducting system and thereby change cardiac rhythm and force of contraction. These effects are seen as alterations in the heart rate, conduction velocity of impulses within the heart, and contractivity. For example, alterations of pH and changes in ionic balance affect these cardiac functions. In principle, cardiac toxicity can be expressed in three different ways (1) pharmacological actions become amplified in an nonphysiological way (2) reactive metabolites of chemical compounds react covalently with vital macromolecules... 

Determine expansion and contraction losses (if any) from Figures 2-12, 2-15, and 2-16. Convert units head loss in feet times 0.4331 = psi. (This term can usually be neglected for most liquids at reasonable velocities < lO /sec.)... 

Note that for straight duct flow at constant cross-section, the total and static pressures decrease together (constant resistance). At the contraction section, the total pressure decreases very litde, but static pressure is converted to velocity pressure, because static and velocity pressures are mutually convertible. At the sudden enlargement, the process of changing the velocity pressure to static pressure is inefficient, and a total pressure loss occurs. AtJ the static pressure is 0, and the total pressure is the velocity pressure as the gas stream leaves the duct. 

Sudden eniargement/contraction, 70, 80 Total line, 64 Two-phase flow, 124-127 Vacuum lines, 128-134 Velocities, 83, 89, 90 Velocities, chart, 91 Velocity head, 71 Water flow calculations, 96 Water flow, table, 93, 97, 98 Pressure level relationships,... 

Jr, C.W. Plummer, R.P. Woodburn V. Philip-chuk, Detonation Velocity Determinations and Fragment Velocity Determinations of Varied Explosive Systems and Conditions , National Northern Corp Final Summary Report NNC-F-13, Contract DAI-19-020-50l-ORD-(P>58 (Feb 1958) 12) Anon, EngDesHdbk, Explosives Series, Properties of Explosives of Military Interest , AMCP 706-177 (Jan 1971), 213-225... 

Numerous accidents, coupled with decreased consumption of BlkPdr reduced the domestic US sources to one. Consequently, the US Army has contracted to build a fully automated plant which employs the novel Loevold process (see below), which uses high velocity air to break up and blend the ingredients (Refs 53 63). This remotely controlled process is claimed to be safe (Ref 95). The product is to meet US military specifications (Ref 79), although this remains to be demonstrated... 

Fig. 35. Velocity distribution along different streamlines in abrupt contraction flow (s is the curvilinear distance along the streamline from the entrance, as shown in Fig. 32).

Figure 4. When a muscle contracts isotonically or a constant resisting force is imposed on it during a contraction, the velocity at which it shortens quickly comes to a constant. The force-velocity curve shows the relationship between the force applied to a muscle and the steady-state velocity of shortening. As in all other muscles, the force-velocity curve of smooth muscle is a rectangular hyperbola for all positive shortening velocities. In order to compare the behavior of muscles of different lengths and diameters, it is common to normalize force and velocity by dividing each by its maximum value and expressing the result as a percentage, nd...

In terms of muscle function, muscle is very adaptable. Depending on the type of stimulation, muscle can either twitch or contract tetanically for a variable length of time. If the ends are held fixed, then it contracts isometrically and the force produced is maximal. If one or both ends of the muscle are not held fixed then the muscle is able to shorten. The muscle can shorten at a fixed load (isotonic contraction) where the velocity of shortening is also constant. Power output (force X velocity) is maximum where the velocity of shortening is about one third of the maximal rate. Finally, the muscle can shorten at maximum velocity (unloaded shortening). However, the molecular basis of the interaction of myosin with actin to produce force, or shortening, is the same in each case. 

Figure 6. Force velocity relationship. A schematic diagram of the experimental relationship between load (force) and velocity for muscle during contraction.

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