Gauge boson

Now we relax the condition that A3 = 0. This statement would physically mean that the current for this gauge boson is highly nonconserved with a very large mass so that the interaction scale is far smaller than the scale for the cyclic electromagnetic field. In relaxing this condition we will find that we still have a violation of current conservation. 

If the coupling constant Y is comparable to the coupling constant g, then the Fermi expectation energies of the Fermions occur at the mean value for the Higgs field (4>0)- In this case the vacuum expectation of the vacuum is proportional to the identity matrix. This means that the masses acquired by the right chiral plus left chiral gauge bosons A + /iM are zero, while the left chiral minus right chiral... 

However, if the mass of these bosons is given according to Higgs fields that determine mass spectra-spectra for gauge bosons, similar to what occurs with the Fermi masses given in Eq. (45), this estimate may be adjusted upward. 

It is apparent that the numbers and masses of the flavor and quark-lepton transforming gauge bosons are larger than those of the SU(5) minimal model. This means that the value of a is lower, and assuming that the duration of the inflationary period is fixed, the scale for the expansion of the universe is reduced. This means that there is the enhanced prospect for deviations from flatness. So one may presume that the universe started as a small 3-sphere with a large curvature, where the inflationary period flattened out the universe, but maybe not completely. This leaves open the prospect that if before inflation that if the universe were open or closed, k = 1, that the universe today still contains this structure on a sufficiently large scale. The closer to flatness the universe is, the tighter are the constraints on the masses of particles in the early universe. 

Figure 5.3. Left. The gamma-ray emission from XX annihilation in a rich, Coma-like, nearby galaxy cluster is shown Mx = 70 — 500 GeV (from top down). The integral flux is compared to the sensitivity of ongoing and planned gamma-ray experiments, as labelled. Right. The diffuse synchrotron emission spectrum of secondary electrons produced in XX annihilation is shown to fit the Coma radio-halo spectrum the green area represent the prediction of a model in which the x annihilates predominantly into fermions, while the blue area represent the gauge-boson dominated x annihilation (from Colafrancesco Mele 2001).

Fig. 10. Muonium-antimuonium conversion in theories beyond the standard model. The interaction could be mediated by (a) a doubly charged Higgs boson A++ [52,53], (b) heavy Majorana neutrinos [52], (c) a neutral scalar [54], e.g. a supersymmetric r-sneutrino vT [55,56], or (d) a bileptonic gauge boson X++ [57]...

Since our main focus is on interactions between the fermions and the vector gauge bosons W" ", W, Z° and 7, the corresponding interaction... 

The various bilinear fermionic terms in the interaction Lagrangian are four-currents that interact with the gauge bosons. The Lagrange density... 

P. Higgs, Broken symmetries and the masses of gauge bosons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964) 508-509. 

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