Vasomotor

Acts to constrict small arteries, thereby increasing blood pressure and to contract smooth muscle. Used in cases of peripheral vasomotor collapse. 

Glonidine. Clonidine decreases blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance. It activates central a2 adrenoceptors ia the brainstem vasomotor center and produces a prolonged hypotensive response. Clonidine, most efficaciously used concomitantly with a diuretic in long-term treatment, decreases renin and aldosterone secretion. 

Health and Safety Factors (Toxicology). Manufacture of cyanamide and calcium cyanamide does not present any serious health hazard. Ingestion of alcohoHc beverages by workmen within several hours of leaving work sometimes results in a vasomotor reaction known as cyanamide flush. Cyanamide interferes with the oxidation of alcohol and accumulation of acetaldehyde probably accounts for this temporary phenomenon. Although extremely unpleasant, it has not been known to result in serious illness or to have any permanent effect. 

Aromatase inhibitors are relatively well tolerated however have a number of distinct side effects are observed that stem from the state of estrogen deprivation induced by aromatase inhibitors. Side effects include hot flashes, joint and muscle aches, vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness. Variable effects of aromatase inhibitors on lipid levels have been observed. Trials comparing third generation aromatase inhibitors to tamoxifen have also repotted an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the group receiving aromatase inhibitors. 

Delta Dysphoria, psychotomimetic effects (eg, hallucinations), respiratory and vasomotor stimulations caused by drugs with antagonist activity... 

Administration of clomiphene may result in vasomotor flushes (which are like the hot flashes of menopause), abdominal discomfort, ovarian enlargement, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and nervousness. HCG administration may result in headache, irritability, restlessness, fatigue edema, and precocious puberty (when given for cryptorchism). 

Headache, edema, irritability, fatigue, nervousness, restlessness, precocious puberty, gynecomastia Vasomotor flushes, breast tenderness, abdominal discomfort, blurred vision, ovarian enlargement, nausea, vomiting, nervousness Same as glucocorticoids (Display 50-2)... 

Meyer JS, Teraura T, Marx P, Hashi K, Sakamoto K. Brain swelling due to experimental cerebral infarction changes in vasomotor capacitance and effects of intravenous glycerol. Brain 1972 95(4) 833-852. 

UPMALIS D H, LOBO R, BRADLEY L, WARREN M, CONE F L, LAMIA C A (2000) VaSOmotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause. 1 236-42. 

Fig. 2.10 Nasal chemoreceptive systems (Rodent) — chemosensory and autonomic fibres Masera s organ (= Septal Organ) and NT, and vasomotor (NP and Ethmoidal) in adult hamster (from Meredith, 1983).

The VN cartilage, the VN glands and the vasomotor network are all functionally necessary components without whose various contributions the receptor cells would be unlikely to function. These ancillary constituents show a parallel developmental sequence. The cartilage may become partly ossified and incompletely surrounds the organ, the enclosure lessening towards the posterior end. In the mature organ, maximum enclosure is usually found along the sensory section. 

The organ also contains neuroactive compounds as constituents of the vasomotor and neuro-glandular tissues (Zancanaro et al., 1997). These include the amine transmitters Nor-adrenalin and Serotonin (5-HT), whose presence is presumably related to the non-olfactory innervations. Local stimulation effects [Figs. 5.2 and 5.5(a)] can alter the biogenic amine levels in the VNO of female mice, as a result of exposure to male conspecific urine, and consequent arousal of the suction-pump [c.f. Fig. 5.7(a)]. 

An additional and widespread neuroactive (transmitter-like) compound is nitric oxide (NO). This gaseous secretion is a product of the action of the enzyme NO-synthase on arginine. It is implicated in at least two roles within the non-sensory tissues of the organ, and at particular synapses in the AOB. One nitric oxidergic effect is initiated by the nerve fibres supplying the smooth muscle component of the vasomotor tissues. The other effect is the expected action of NO on the output... 

Fig. 5.7(a) Vomeronasal pump (vasomotor activation and control of VN fluid contents) reciprocal compression/relaxation of lumenal and vascular volumes, vi/ve = internal/ external simus vessels, (a) Fluid intake — lumen expanded/vessels relaxed — pressure drops, (b) Fluid expulsion — lumen compressed/vessels expanded — pressure rise (from Schilling, 1970). 

Clinical experience with the infants exposed primarily to PCP pre-natally is remarkably close to Wilson et al. These neonates are difficult to console, have alternating periods of lethargy and irritability, and are unable to control the tremors of their extremities when unswaddled. Vasomotor instability, diarrhea, and voracious sucking movements are infrequently seen in the PCP-exposed infants who were followed. Chasnoff et al. (1983) compared these behaviors in infants exposed prenatally to PCP to those of adults who have acute intoxication. 

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