Brain swelling

Wijdicks EE, Diringer MN. Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling progression and effect of age on outcome. Mayo Clin Proc 1998 73 829-836. 

Meyer JS, Teraura T, Marx P, Hashi K, Sakamoto K. Brain swelling due to experimental cerebral infarction changes in vasomotor capacitance and effects of intravenous glycerol. Brain 1972 95(4) 833-852. 

Chan, P.H. and Fishman, R.A. (1980). Transient formation of superoxide radicals in polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced brain swelling. J. Neurochem. 33, 1004-1007. 

HIV infection of the brain can occur at this early stage, leading to brain swelling or inflammation, particularly in the meninges. Macrophage cells in the... 

AQPs in brain swelling and nenral signal transdnction... 

Fig. 5 Aquaporin-4 deletion increases brain swelling in vasogenic edema, a Increased ICP in AQP4-null mice in response to intraparenchymal fluid infusion. Left representative ICP traces from two wildtype and AQP4 null mice. Right, increased ICP at 60 min in response to isotonic fluid infusion (0.5 p.l/min). Data shown for individual mice and mean SE. b Increased ICP and in AQP4 null mice with melanoma brain tumor. Top, site of injection of melanoma cells. Bottom., tumor size at 4 and 7 days after implantation showing similar-sized tumors in wildtype and AQP4 null mice, c ICP measured 7 days after tumor implantation. From Papadopoulos et al. (2004)...

The aquaporins are a family of small, integral membrane proteins that function as plasma membrane transporters of water and in some cases small polar solutes. There are at least 10 distinct aquaporins in mammals with specific expression patterns in epithelial, endothelial, and other tissues. Studies in aquaporin-null mice indicated a key role for aquaporins in the urinary concentrating mechanism, fluid secretion of glands, brain swelling, skin moisture, hearing and vision, and gastrointestinal absorption.62... 

Q10 An excessive amount of ADH may be produced by some brain tumours, certain drugs and some lung cancers. Since this causes a reduced water excretion, an excess of ADH leads to water retention and hyponatraemia. As hyponatraemia in the ECF causes passage of water into the body cells, there may be brain swelling, raised intracranial pressure and neurological symptoms, such as headache, muscle weakness, lethargy, nausea and vomiting, irritability, confusion and coma. 

Conversely, mice bearing a disruption of the SODl gene had increased infarct volume and brain swelling after temporary focal cerebral ischemia (Kondo et al.,... 

Leah Betts, the teenager who collapsed after taking an ecstasy tablet, died as a result of drinking too much water, which made her brain swell. 

Acute encephalopathy (brain swelling and hemorrhage) peripheral neuropathy (axonal degeneration)... 

It is critical to decrease the sodium level slowly to move water back into cells. Decreasing sodium quickly can result in cerebral edema (brain swelling). You must ... 

Maxwell, W. L., Bullock, R., Landholt, H., and Fujisawa, H., Massive astrocytic swelling in response to extracellular glutamate a possible mechanism for post-traumatic brain swelling, Acta. Neurochim., 60, 465, 1994. 

All patients tolerated the mTHPC-mediated treatment well, one patient suffering brain swelling of the treated area. 

EIC have been reported in hyperacute, acute, and subacute stroke. In hyperacute stroke (0-3 h of stroke onset), EIC have been shown in up to 31-53% of cases [12, 32]. Tomura [7] reported a 92% rate of lentiform nucleus obscuration within 6 h of MCA stroke [7]. In another series of 53 patients studied within 5 h of angiographically-proven MCA occlusion prior to IV thrombolysis, early CT showed hypodensity in 81%, brain swelling in 38%, and a HMCAS in 47% [13]. Despite these different results with respect to the detection of EIC according to the stroke timeframe, it has been reported that there does not seem to be increased detection of EIC on NCCT within the 4-6 h poststroke period as compared to the first 2-3 h poststroke [11]. 

In the subacute phase of infarct (1 day to 2 weeks), the hiCTease in vasogenic edema results in increased T2- and FLAIR hyperintensity, increased T1-hypointensity, and better definition of the infarction and swelling (Fig. 6.4). The brain swelling is manifest as gyral thickening, effacement of sulci and cisterns, effacement of adjacent ventricles, midUne shift, and brain henfiation. The... 

Intravascular thrombolysis for patients with rapidly progressive brain swelling... 

Osmolarity. Hypo-osmolarity wiU promote brain swelling. Patients with ischemic stroke at risk of ischemic brain swelling should be treated with isosmolar or hyperosmolar fluids (e.g., normal saline). Dehydration should be avoided as it promotes coagulation, lowers left ventricular volume, and may reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF). The objective is to obtain and maintain euvolemia and eunatremia with fluids containing little or no free water. 

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