Vascular adhesion protein

Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase and Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 One Protein Being Validated as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Diseases... 

AOC-3 Amine oxidase, copper-containing 3 (vascular adhesion protein 1) HPAO, 17q21 SSAO, VAP1, VAP-1, 38,256,727 -38,263, 667 6941 4 4026 763... 

Semicarbazide Sensitive Amine Oxidase and Vascular Adhesion Protein-1... 

Human vascular adhesion protein (HVAP) is involved in targeting lymphocytes to inflamed tissue following infection (Salmi and Jalkanen, 1997). Interestingly, the sequence of HVAP cDNA is identical to that reported for the amine oxidase from human placenta (Smith et al., 1998), and HVAP has been shown to have amine oxidase activity. The partial three dimensional structure of HVAP has been modelled based on homology to the known 3-D structure of ECAO (Salminen et at., 1998). There is an equally intriguing sequence identity between mouse vascular adhesion protein and the membrane-bound amine oxidase associated with adipoeytes (Bono et at., 1998). 

Bono, P., Salmi, M., Smith, D. J., and Jalkanen, S., 1998, Cloning and characterisation of mouse vascular adhesion protein-1 reveals a novel molecule with enzymatic activity, J. Imunol. 160 556395571. 

The crystal structure of CuAO has been solved from Escherichia coli (ECAO), pea seedling (PSAO), Arthrobacter globiformis (AGAO), Hansetmla polymorpha (HPAO), Pichia pastoris (PPLO), " bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO), ° and human vascular adhesion protein (VAP-1). ... 

These interactions involve adhesion proteins called selectins, which are found both on the rolling leukocytes and on the endothelial cells of the vascular walls. Selectins have a characteristic domain structure, consisting of an N-terminal extracellular lectin domain, a single epidermal growth factor (EGR) domain, a series of two to nine short consensus repeat (SCR) domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic domain. Lectin domains, first characterized in plants, bind carbohydrates... 

Fig. 8.1 A schematic diagram illustrating the involvement of NF-k I in gpl20, ROS, NO, PG, IL-1/3 and TNF-a-mediated neurotoxicity. NMDA-R, N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2 lyso-PtdCho, lysophosphatidylcholine AA, arachidonic acid cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate PKA, protein kinase A TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a TNF-a-R, TNF-a-receptor IL-1/8, interleukin-1 /3 IL-l/i-R, IL-1/8-receptor, IL-6, interleukin-6 MARK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NO, nitric oxide PG, prostaglandins EP-R, prostaglandin receptors NF-kB, nuclear factor-icB NF-kB-RE, nuclear factor-/cB-response element I/cB, inhibitory subunit of NF-icB HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gpl20, HIV-1 coat glycoprotein COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2 iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase SPLA2, secretory phospholipase A2 SOD, superoxide dismutase MMP, matrix metalloproteinase and VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1...

Adhesion of platelets onto a damaged vascular sur ce is the primary event in the formaticHi ofd hemostatic plug. For perfect hemostatic performance, this initial adhesion step should be followed by further deposition of platelets onto the initial adherent layer rmtil an effective microthrombi is formed at the site of damage. Formation of s hemostatic plug is the result of a well recognized series of interactions among platelet glycoproteins, plasma adhesive proteins and components of the subendothelium. 

Von Willebrand factor is the adhesive protein with an essential role in promoting interactions between platelets and vascular subendothelium. VWF is synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. Endothelial cells release their synthesized VWF to the plasma and the vessel subendothelium, while the VWF produced by megakaryoc34es is stored in the platelet alpha granules [20]. VWF is thus physiologically distributed in plasma, subendothelium and platelets. Adequate hemostasis requires balanced interactions among the VWF located in these three compartments. 

Fibronectin is present in plasma, subendothelium and platelet alpha granules. Despite containing the RGD sequence, the role of fibronectin in adhesive and cohesive properties of platelets seems less important. It has been suggested that plasma fibronectin would not be required for platelets to adhere on vascular extracellular matrices [45]. However, studies with plasma depleted of fibronectin seem to indicate that this adhesive protein could play a role in mediating adhesion of platelet and thrombus formation on collagen rich surfaces [46]. As will be commented on later, the mote recent studies suggest that vascular fibronectin would mediate platelet adhesion under certain experimental conditions [47]. 

Adhesion molecules are a wide variety of molecules that can potentially be measured as a way of assessing the adherence of leukocytes and/or platelets or other adhesive proteins to the endothelial matrix. Some are receptors. Some of the examples include PECAM-1 (platelet-endothelial adhesion molecule 1), P-selectin, e-selectin, and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule i). At times, the receptor itself is measured but often it is a soluble portion that circulates that is the ligand. At present, there are no standardized assays and no reference interval studies or consistent assay validations. 

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