Interacting balances

Rossier BC, Pradervand S, Schild L et al (2002) Epithelial sodium channel and the control of sodium balance interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Annu Rev Physiol 64 877-897... 

Nucleophilic monomers require electrophilic catalysts, electrophilic monomers require nucleophilic catalysts. There appears to be a critical and possible identical electronic characteristic of the transition state involving the olefinic pi-electrons. This balanced interaction is required for isotactic steric control. 

The dependence of the E-E bond lengths on the nature of the substituents has been explained merely by steric effects. However, it seems more likely that a balanced interaction of steric effects, charge separation, electrostatic repulsion, rehybridization etc., causes the observed variation. In contrast to the amido compounds discussed above, a specific correlation between the E-E bond lengths and the bond angles (C-E-C or Si-E-Si) does not exist. The different influence of alkyl and silyl substituents was investigated by quantum-chemical calculations.91... 

Oliver, M. L. On balanced interactions in mixtures. Arch. Rati. Mech. Anal. 49,195 (1972). 

Von Willebrand factor is the adhesive protein with an essential role in promoting interactions between platelets and vascular subendothelium. VWF is synthesized by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. Endothelial cells release their synthesized VWF to the plasma and the vessel subendothelium, while the VWF produced by megakaryoc34es is stored in the platelet alpha granules [20]. VWF is thus physiologically distributed in plasma, subendothelium and platelets. Adequate hemostasis requires balanced interactions among the VWF located in these three compartments. 

The normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) presupposes a well-balanced interaction between different biochemically and structurally linked neuronal systems. When one member of a neuronal circuit is altered in its structural or biochemical entity, an imbalance in the functional system results and a compensatory mechanism must be activated in order to maintain physiological equilibrium. 

The rest of the acquired energy Q is expended for the change of the internal energy of the solution by At/ value. The internal energy, according to the molecular-kinetic theory, is the sum of the internal kinetic energy of molecules chaotic motion and atoms, and potential energy of their balanced interaction forces. Therefore, under the first law of thermodynamics we have... 

At s = 1 complex compounds of the cation M, are absent, at very high valuees of function all ions M. are actually complexed. The complexation function plays important role in thermodynamic calculations of balanced interaction of the dissolved components. First, it enables the determination of the xmcomplexed basis ion content from its analytical content at equilibrixxm ... 

The most frequently apphed technique for the separation of polymers, namely size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), is based on the well-balanced interactions between the column material, the solvent, and the polymer sample. In order to achieve a complete separation according to size, and also to determine reliable polydispersity values, enthalpic interactions between the sample and column material must be excluded, as only entropic interactions lead to SEC separation. This is not always possible in the case of dendritic polymers which, being multifunctional architectures, have interactions with the column material that are effectively predestined. It has been repeatedly observed that this problem is more severe for higher molar mass products. An example of aromatic hb polyesters with different... 

Figure 6.87 (a) "Umpolung of the anomeric effect" - positive hyperconjugation in cyclohexanones, thiocyclo-hexanones. Similar but more balanced interactions occur in methylenecyclohexanes. (b) NBO energies for donation from C-H bonds to exocycUc n-systems. 

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