Vanadyl phthalocyanine

Metal-free, chloroaluminum phthalocyanine [14154-42-8] vanadyl phthalocyanine [13930-88-6], or magnesium phthalocyanines are sufficiently soluble in organic solvents and show enough bleachable absorption at 694.3 nm to serve as repeated Q-switching elements for mby lasers (qv) (180). Phthalocyanines have been used in other lasers as weU (181). 

Vanadyl phthalocyanine (7) is effective as a smoke reducer for various styrene polymers.31 Vanadyl sulfate, V0(S04)2, finds application in the production of water resistant polymer foams.32... 

Vanadyl salen is readily converted at 100°C with H2S in the absence of a catalyst to a vanadium sulfide and a free organic ligand (or decomposition products). Vanadyl phthalocyanine is more stable with respect to ring attack and demetallation. Rates relative to catalytic reactions have not been measured. If VO-salen is an appropriate model of vanadium binding in asphaltenes, asphaltenic metals are more readily converted to sulfides under hydrotreating conditions than the porphyrinic metals. This suggests... 

Figure 12. Luminescence spectra of vanadyl phthalocyanine on LaY (A) before and (B) after calcination and (C) steam aging. The excitation wavelength was set at 365 nm.

The heat of sublimation of vanadyl phthalocyanine has been determined as 223 8 kJ mol-1.458... 

Vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) has three crystal forms. Phase I has the major absorption at 725 nm and Phase II at 840 nm [39a]. Figure 27 shows the absorption spectra of Phases II, V, and XI. A dual-layer xerographic photoreceptor with VOPc as the charge generation material had a high-field photogeneration efficiency of 0.2 from 400 to 900 nm [39b]. The effects of molecular structure on aggregation have been studied with t-butyl-substituted VOPcs [39c]. Such substitution increases... 

Results in Table-1 show that with iron phthalocyanine (Fe(II)Pc), manganese phthalocyanine (Mn(II)Pc) and cobalt tetrasulphonatophthalocyanine (Co(II)TSPc) as catalyst both phenyl and benzyl phenyl sulphides could be quantitatively oxidized to corresponding sulphones in 3-6 h. However, oxidation of benzyl phenyl sulphide to the corresponding sulphone with vanadyl phthalocyanine took 18h. In case of copper phthalocyanine (Cu(II)Pc) and nickel phthalocyanine (Ni(II)Pc), no sulphone formation was detected even after 24h, and the products analysis by HPLC showed the formation of 61% and 4.2% benzyl phenyl sulphoxide, respectively. The results for the oxidation of benzyl phenyl sulphide with Ni(II)Pc as catalyst and without any catalyst (entry 9, 10 Table-1) show that Ni(II)Pc rather gave negative effect in these oxidations. 

Vanadyl phthalocyanine 39) and substituted vanadyl porphrins 37, 391, 541, 590) have been extensively studied. In the case of the tetraphenylporphrin, Kivelson and Lee 391) found that the s.h.f. tensor is almost isotropic which indicates that the unpaired electron in the b g orbital is localized mainly on the metal and that in-plane tt bonding is slight. 

Besides the formation of CT complex between phthalocyanines and the VOCs, the phase transition was observed after the exposure to the VOCs. The treatments of vanadyl-phthalocyanine and titanylphthalocyanine with thermal annealing and ethanol vapor exposure lead to the phase transition from amorphous to 3-form in their evaporated thin films [35]. 

Klofta, T.J., J. Danziger, P.A. Lee, J. Pankow, K.W. Nebesny, and N.R. Armstrong (1987). Photoelectrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of thin films of titanyl phthalocyanine Comparisons with vanadyl phthalocyanine. J. Phys. Chem. 91,5646-5651. 

The application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray absorption nearedge structure (XANES), and EXAFS to tetrapyrroles that are not iron porphyrins is as yet relatively limited. Studies include EXAFS of 3-propenamide-zinc(II)-mcso-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes [201], XANES of vanadyl-phthalocyanine and vanadyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin [202], and XANES of iron(III)-phthalocyanine and its CO adduct [203]. 

Evaporated films of chlorogallium phthalocyanine and fluoroaluminum phthalocyanine have been reported to have high third order nonlinear susceptibility . Since that time, phthalocyanine compounds have been extensively investigated in the form of evaporated films, Langmuir-Blodgett films, and spin-coated films. Evaporated films of vanadyl phthalocyanine and titanyl phthalocyanine were also found to have a higher third order nonlinear susceptibility . 

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