Thin evaporators

Evaporative two-phase flow in a heated micro-channel resembles a two-phase slug flow with distinct domains of liquid and vapor. These domains are divided by the infinitely thin evaporating front, which propagates relatively to the fluid with a velocity u f equal (numerically) to the linear rate of liquid evaporation. In the frame of reference associated with micro-channel walls, the velocity of the evaporation front is... 

Taking into account the above-mentioned factors it is possible to present the stationary flow in a heated capillary as a flow of liquid and its vapor divided by an infinitely thin evaporation front. The parameters of these flows are related to each other by the condition of mass, momentum and energy conservation at the evaporation front. 

It should be possible in principle to determine the orientation of chromophores in a single monolayer on an OWG by the absorption of transverse electric (TE, s-polarized) and transverse magnetic (TM, p-polarized) modes laser. Swalen et al. [109] reported that much stronger absorption was observed for a thin evaporated film of 4-dimethylamino-4 -nitrostilbene with the TM mode and for seven monolayers of cyanine dyes with the TE mode. These results corresponded... 

Thin evaporated films are polycrystalline, but allow a more reproducible and defined surface than the use of bulk metal in wire or flag form. 

For some experiments (surface plasmon resonance), high refractive index glass slides SF10 (Hellma Optic GmbH, Germany) covered by a thin evaporated gold layer with the thickness of approximately 50 nm were used as supports. 

Fig. 20. Vacuum camera for x-ray diffraction studies of thin evaporated metal films. [After Rhodin, Metals Transactions 185, 371 (1950).]...

The fracture surfaces of the SINs were examined in the ETEC Autoscan Scanning Electron Microscope at a relatively low beam current and accelerating voltage of approximately 20KV. Prior to examination, the surfaces were coated with a thin evaporated layer of gold in order to improve conductivity and prevent charging. 

Thin Evaporated Films of Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines with a Different Degree of Fluorination... 

Figure 3.16 shows the results of current-voltage measurements across the channel (40 pm) of a 40 nm thin evaporated Fi PcCu film on PI as a gate dielectric with an ITO layer beneath PI as gate electrode. 

Close-clearance scrapers for viscous liquids are included in the review by Uhl [253]. An application of scraped-surface heat transfer to air flows is reported by Hagge and Junkhan [256] a tenfold improvement in heat transfer coefficient was reported for laminar flow over a flat plate. Scrapers were also suggested for creating thin evaporating films. Lustenader et al. [257] outline the technique, and Tleimat [258] presents performance data. The heat transfer coefficients are much higher than those observed for pool evaporation (without nucleate boiling). 

Photoemissive devices can be conveniently divided into two historical (and performance) classes depending upon the material used as the photoemissive layer [5.11]. The first class is the classical group [5.26]. Here the photoemitter is a thin evaporated-layer compound containing an alkali metal or metals (almost always including Cs), one or more other metallic elements from group VB of the periodic table (e.g., Sb), and possibly also oxygen and/or silver [5.27], For ultraviolet applications several other sensor materials are used (e.g., Csl), but such devices become highly specialized and are not discussed further in this chapter [5.28]. 

Various thin evaporated films Crystalline. Regular orientation of crystal grains to match orientation of substrate Kirschner(S)... 

Rezvani and Linvill [106] have developed an all-electrical technique for the measurement of piezoelectric parameters of PVDF. A thin polymer film with thin evaporated-metal electnides on each side is held under a slight tension between two rigid supports. The metal electrode on one side is etched away in the middle to form two separate electrodes, one on each end. A voltage applied between one of the electrodes a the electrode on the opposite side develops a stress in the film, which in turn changes Ibe voltage between the second elecliode and the electrode on the oppoaile side. The pie-... 

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