Vaginal smears

Female Wistar rats treated orally with 0.125-16 jug/kg/day of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (8-D), 50-800 jug/kg/day of 1,2,3,4-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (4-D , and 250-2000 /xg/kg/day of 2,7-dichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2-D) and 1,000-2,000 /xg/kg/day of 2,3-dichlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin or 2-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin during 6—15 days of gestation (first morning of a positive vaginal smear was designated as day 1) were assessed for prenatal effects of the compounds on their progeny. 

Alternatively, a Gram stain vaginal smear may be used to diagnose BV using the Nugent criteria. This relies on estimating the proportions of bacteria morphotypes to provide a score between 0 and 10. A score of less than 4 is normal, 4 to 6 is intermediate, and greater than 6 is consistent with BV. 

Decreased incidence of females showing sperm in vaginal smears, decreased litter size, and thyroid histopathology in rats fed 5 mg mirex/kg diet since weaning (Chu et al. 1981)... 

Whitten, W. K. (1958). Modification of the estrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. Changes in the estrous cycle determined by vaginal smears. 

The day of identification of a vaginal plug or sperm in vaginal smear (rodents) or the day of observed or performed insemination (rabbits) is termed GDO. 

The day of mating is confirmed by the presence of a vaginal plug or sperm in a vaginal smear or and is defined as day 0 of gestation. Females are separated from the males once copulation has... 

The cytologic findings on vaginal smears vary depending on the preparation used. However, with almost all of the combined drugs, a low maturation index is found because of the presence of progestational agents. 

Estrous (menstrual) cycle11 Vaginal smear cytology... 

Development Normality of external genitalia, vaginal opening, vaginal smear cytology, onset of estrous behaviour (menstruation)... 

Senescence Vaginal smear cytology, ovarian histology (menopause)... 

This can cause difficulty in the pathological interpretation of vaginal smears for cancer diagnosis (249). 

The influence of the ovarian cycle on protease activity in the vagina has also been demonstrated. For example, the trypsin-like activity in rat vaginal smears was found to be maximal at proestrus. The activity of //-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase all vary in the vaginal tissue of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. 

During the 2-week dosing premating phase, daily vaginal smears assessed for stage of estrus... 

The initial evaluation of female infertility should include a detailed history and physical examination, including a Papanicolaou cervical and vaginal smear with appropriate cervical and endocervical cultures, a search for tubal patency and endometriosis or adhesions, and assessment of ovulation and adequate luteal function.After obvious treatable abnormalities have been excluded, a menstrual history indicates further endocrine evaluation and a postcoital test helps to determine coital snfticiency (Figure 53-16 see also earlier section on irregular menses). 

Randall B, van Amerongen L. Commercial laboratory practice evaluation of air-dried/rehydrated cervico-vaginal smears vs traditionally-fixed smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 1997 16 174-176. 

Gangane N, Mukerji MS, Anshu Sharma SM. Utility of micro-wave processed cell blocks as a complement to cervico-vaginal smears. Diagn Cytopathol. 2007 35 338-41. 

Lay CL (1952) An evaluation of fluorescent staining for detection of cancer cells in vaginal smears. Lafayette, Minneapolis, MN... 

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