I-V characteristic

For the theory of neutralization of the magnetic effect on the conductor in a non-magnetic shielding, refer to the continuous enclosures for isolated phase bus systems discussed in Section 31.2.2. As a result of non-magnetic shielding there will be no saturation of the iron core and the V-I characteristic of the reactor will remain almost linear. 

As the second step, the STM tip was locked over the desired particle, feedback was temporally switched off, and voltage-current (V-I) characteristics were measured. The typical trend of the V-I characteristics is shown in Figure 29. Current steps are clearly observable in the presented curve, indicating that the single-electron junction was formed. It is worth mentioning that the characteristics observed in areas without particles demonstrate a normal tunneling behavior (see Fig. 30). 

The observed phenomena can be explained if we consider that different behaviors in the V-I characteristics of the same granule (staircase and negative resistance) are measured when different values of current are locked by the STM feedback. This fact implies, of course, that different tip-granule distances are attained in the two cases. By considering the structure as a two-barrier system, we can suggest that one barrier, namely, that between the... 

Asymmetry of the structure is one of the basic parameters responsible for the coulomb staircase phenomenon (Shonenberger et al. 1992b). As we have said previously, it is absolutely necessary to have an asymmetrical system in order to observe stephke V-I characteristics. 

As in the case of CdS granules, two types of V-I characteristics were registered, namely, one with negative resistance regions (Fig. 36) and the other with steplike behavior... 

When the locked current was small (0.5 nA), giving rise to a large barrier between the granule and the tip, staircase-like V-I characteristics were registered (Fig. 37). Instead, when the value of the locked current was higher (1 nA), characteristics with negative resistance occurred at constant-voltage steps (Fig. 36). 

Sumi H (1998) V-I characteristics of STM processes as a probe detecting vibronic interactions at a redox state in large molecular adsorbates such as metalloproteins. J Phys Chem B 102 1833-1844... 

S-I-S block copolymers, 24 706, 707 Si-Si02 interface, 9 731-732 S-I-S junctions, V-I characteristics of,... 

FIGURE 3 Typical L-I and V-I characteristics of InGaN MQW LDs measured under C W operation at RT. 

Performing an efficiency calculation for a power converter will certainly require knowledge of the drain to source on-resistance (hereby called Rdson) of the switch. In doing so we may refer to the V-I characteristics of the said mosfet. We will probably be thinking that all we need do is to find the slope — V/I — to get the Rdson-... 

Fig. 6.5. Typical of the first V I) characteristics for a polycrystalline Lai. 85Sro.i5Cu04 j, sample taken with a An tip [modified from reference 6.13].

Figure 12.18 V-I characteristics of Citric acid complex of Arabica (specimen size A=1 cm d = 0.3 mm) [34],...

Figure 12.39 DC V-I characteristics of Chromophores and Gum Arabica complexes, (i) specimen (a) - - with light and O- without light. (Sample thickness- 0.35 cm. Area- 2.25 sq cm), (ii) specimen (b) with light and A-.without light (Sample thickness- 0.25cm, Area- 2.25 sq cm) (iii) specimen (c) - with light o- without light (Sample dimension same as (ii)) All records are at RT [55].

Figure 12.47 a-c V-I characteristics of prototype solar cells HJl, HJ2 and HJ3 respectively with Cu-Cu electrode, under very low light ( ) and with sunlight(o). (All are with Sample thickness- 0.08cm, Area- 1.1 sq cm at RT) [55]. 

Figure 4-110. Schematic diagram and V-I characteristics of the atmospheric-pressure cylindrical RF hollow-cathode discharge with cathode diameter 0.4 mm. Neon flow in the system is 1000 seem.

The analysis was performed during real operating conditions of the generator, thus only short-range V-I characteristics were measured. The current was changed between 435A and 475A, at fixed overall fuel consumption of 84.25% and setpoint temperature of 967°C. 

Several models have been proposed to explain highly non-linear V-I characteristics [7]. One of the most reasonable models is illustrated in Figure 2.1.10 [8]. 

The so-called min MIS cell has recently established itself as probably the most important type of silicon MIS cell since it has been demonstrated to have a markedly better V-I characteristic and efficiency than cells working on the thermionic emission of Majority carriers already described ... 

Figure 7b. Experimental measurement of V-I characteristic of a majority carrier MIS device. Gold barrier on 27 A Si02insulating layer on p-type (100) Si. (Ref 24).

Figure 14. Effect of Rg on V-I characteristics of gold n-type silicon SBSC s...

FIGURE 6.21 Experimental circuit and results for PD characteristics (a) experimental circuit for a PD characteristic, (b) measured results of the V-t characteristic, and (c) measured results of the V-I characteristic. 

Figure 6.21b and c show the measured results of the V-t and the V-I characteristics of PDs and their approximate curves. The V-t characteristic is approximated by three equations, and the V-I characteristic is approximated by six equations. 

An arc horn flashover is represented either by a piecewise linear inductance model with time-controlled switches as illustrated in Figure 2.41a or by a nonlinear inductance shown in Figure 2.41b based on a leader progression model [29,30]. The parameters (f=1-3) and f,- f, i, assuming the initial time fQ=0 in Figure 2.41a, are determined from a measured result of the V-I characteristic of an arc horn flashover. Then, the first simulation with no arc horn flashover is carried out in Figure 2.36, and the first flashover phase and the initial time... 

The V-I characteristic of a single cell A is shown in Fig. 14.8(a). Although the power density has not reached the target, it is proved that the HMFC concept works without any serious problems. The cell resistance was divided into an IR resistance and a polarization resistance by the AC impedance method. The composition of cell resistance is shown in Fig. 14.8(b). The polarization resistance is further analyzed by an AC impedance method because it is difficult to introduce a reference electrode to a fuel cell with a thin-film electrolyte [12]. AC impedance spectra were measured for various Ph2 of anode side and Pq2 of the cathode side to determine the polarization (Fig. 14.9). In all conditions, two polarization semicircles were seen. One semicircle has a peak around 3 kHz (Ra), and the other has a peak around 30 kHz (Rb). Both of these are affected by Po2 of cathode gas, and none of these is affected by Ph2 of anode gas. So, both Ra and Rb correspond to the cathode polarization, and the anode polarization is very small compared to the cathode polarization. As mentioned, Pd has very high hydrogen permeation capability, and it is reasonable that Pd has high activity as a fuel cell anode. The Po2 dependence of Ra and Rb is analyzed... 

The V-I characteristic of the eell B is shown in Fig. 14.11. The power densities were 0.9 W/cm and 1.4 W/cm at the operating temperatures of 400° and 600°C, respectively. The temperature dependence of the HMFC performance is smaller than that of the SOFCs [16], whieh ean be explained by the fact that the proton conductivity has smaller temperature dependence than oxygen ion conductivity. It is shown that the HMFC has a relatively wide operation temperature window and that further decrease of the operating temperature is possible if system design or fuel choice requires. The composition of the eell resistance of cell B is shown in Fig. 14.12. In Fig. 14.13, the conductivity of the film electrolytes is calculated from measured IR resistances and compared with the bulk... 

Klenin, V. I., Shchyogolev, S. Y., and Lavrushin, V. I. Characteristic features of light scattering of dispersed systems. Dr. S. Ya Frenkel (Ed.), Publisher, Saratov University, Saratov (1977). 

Figure 11.46. a) Operating V(I) characteristic for a thermistor NTC and b) corresponding temperature variations... 

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