V-aminobutyric acid

Not included in Soupart s data are citrulline, which is part of the glycine peak, and v-aminobutyric acid, traces of which seem to be present in almost all cases but which has not been definitely identified by use of the usual criteria (Stein, 1953, S32). Tryptophan, not recovered quantitatively on Dowex 50, is not included. 

Another readily available and potentially useful chiral reagent that has received very little attention is T-butyloxycarbonyl-L-leucine-N-hyroxy-succinimide ester, [12]. This reagent was used to acylate the amino group of the chiral drug y-vinyl- v-aminobutyric acid, followed by trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed removal of the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (63). The dia-stereomeric derivatives were resolved on a C8 column, with an a value as... 

AlUKOBENZENJiSULJ ONIC ACID, 15, 55 /.-Aminobcnzoic acid, 13, 54 v-Aminobutyric acid, 17, 4 a-AlIINO-MO-BUTYKIC ACID, 11, 4 c-AjunocapRoic acid, 17, 7 19, 20 2-AMmOETHANESULFONIC ACID, 10, 98 2-AmINOFLUORENE, is, 74 2-AMINO-4-METHYLTHIAZOLE, 19, 10... 

Bai D. Distinct functional and pharmacological properties of tonic and quantal inhibitory postsynaptic currents mediated by v-aminobutyric acid A receptors in hippocampal neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2001 59 814-824. 

In the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, two morphologically different types of amacrine cells were nNOS/glycine-immunoreactive and three types are nNOS/v-aminobutyric acid-immuno-reactive (Haverkamp et al. 2000). 

The various derivatives of lysergic acid, including the tremorgenic mycotoxins, are associated with reduced concentration or function of the inhibitory amino acids [e.g., v-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine]. 

Recently, chloromethylated benzocoumarin 11c, hydroxylmethylated benzocou-marin 12, and chloromethylated coumarin 13 were used in the efficient preparation of several fluorescent ester conjugates of /V-benzyloxycarbonyl-neurotransmitter amino acids, such as p-alanine, tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), glutamic acid, and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [39, 40],... 

APA, American Psychiatric Association Ca+, calcium Cl", chloride DA, dopamine GABA, ) aminobutyric acid 5-HT, serotonin K+, potassium Na+, sodium NMDA, /V-methyl-D-aspartate NE, norepinephrine. 

Gobaille, S., Hechler, V., Andriamampandry, C., Kemmel, V., and Maitre, M. (1999) Gamma-hydroxybutyrate modulates synthesis and extracellular concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in discrete rat brain regions in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther 290, 303-309. 

Golovanevsky, V. and Kanner, B. I. (1999) The reactivity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 toward sulfhydryl reagents is conformationally sensitive. Identification of a major target residue. J. Biol. Chem. 274,23020-23026. 

Chan-Palay, V. (1978) Autoradiographic localization of y-aminobutyric acid receptors in the rat central nervous system by using (3H)muscimol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75 1024-1028. 

W. Hammer, B. Holmstedt, B. Karlen, F. Sjoqvist, J. Vesman, The Metabolism of Trem-orine. Identification of a New Biologically Active Metabolite, V-(4-Pyrrolidino-2-2-bu-ynyl)-y-aminobutyric Acid , Biochem. Pharmacol. 1968,17, 1931-1941. 

The activation under physiological conditions of a variety of other amino acyl esters of metronidazole was investigated the results presented in Table 8.9 are discussed here and in Sect. 8.5.5.2 [137]. This series contains the glycine ester, various V-substituted glycinates, two esters of /3-alanine and one of 4-aminobutyric acid. The glycine ester and its V-substituted analogues of relevance here were hydrolyzed relatively rapidly in plasma, the exception being the piperazinyl derivative discussed below. 

J. N. Jacob, V. E. Shashoua, A. Campbell, R. J. Baldessarini, y-Aminobutyric Acid Esters. 2. Synthesis, Brain Uptake, and Pharmacological Properties of Lipid Esters of y-Aminobutyric Acid , J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 106- 110. 

Riban V, Bouilleret V, Pham-L BT, Fritschy JM, Marescaux C, Depaulis A (2002) Evolution of hippocampal epileptic activity during the development of hippocampal sclerosis in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 112 101-111 Rudolph U, Crestani F, Benke D, Brunig I, Benson J, Fritschy JM, Martin JR, Bluethmann H, Mohler H (1999) Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific y-aminobutyric acid A receptor subtypes. Nature 401 796-800... 

Dihydromuscimol (49) is a conformationally restricted analogue of the physiologically important neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and has been prepared using the cycloaddition of dibromoformaldoxime to /V-Boc-allylamine followed by N-deprotection with sodium hydroxide (Scheme 6.52) (278). The individual enantiomers of dihydromuscimol were obtained by reaction of the bromonitrile oxide with (S)-( + )-l,2-0-isopropylidene-3-butene-l,2-diol, followed by separation of the diastereoisomeric mixture (erythro/threo 76 24), hydrolysis of respective isomers, and transformation of the glycol moiety into an amino group (279). 

Amino Acids. Traces of amino acids were found in the Devonian Newton Hamilton and Marcellus Formations in a previous study (7). In the present work (Table V) small quantities of amino acids were isolated from the Marcellus shale. In both the earlier work and the present study an amino acid that chromatographed as arginine was found. Other amino acids in the Marcellus black shale are histidine( ), methionine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, leucine or isoleucine, and two unknowns, possibly including aminobutyric acid of nonprotein origin in the Newton Hamilton Formation histidine( ). Ammonia was also present in both the Marcellus and the Newton Hamilton. 

Common solvents. For hydrophilic amines such as 4-aminobutyric acid, distilled water is the preferred solvent. For hydrophobic amines such as 4-aminobenza-mide, a DMF water 50% v/v solution may be an option. In any case, usually 1 molar equivalent of NaHC03 is added in order to neutralize the HC1 released during nucleophilic substitution. Caution DMF is harmful and considered a potential carcinogen. Should be handled in a fume hood. 

Mountford, D.O. and Pybus, V., Regulatory influences on the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a marine Pseudomonas, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 237, 1992. 

Figure 6.8 Experimental variation of the retention of 23 phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives of amino acids with mobile phase composition in RPLC. Mobile phase mixtures of acetonitrile and 0.05M aqueous sodium nitrate buffer (pH — 5.81). All mobile phases contain 3% THF. Stationary phase ODS silica. Solutes D = aspartic acid C-OH = cysteic acid E = glutamic acid N = asparagine S = serine T = threonine G = glycine H = histidine Q = glutamine R = arginine A = alanine METS = methionine sulphone ABA = a-aminobutyric acid Y = tyrosine P = proline V = valine M = methionine NV = norvaline I = isoleucine F = phenylalanine L = leucine W = tryptophan K = lysine. Figure taken from ref. [610]. Reprinted with permission.

Kalia V, Fenske C, Hole DR, Wilson CA (1999) Effect of gonadal steroids and gamma-aminobutyric acid on LH release and dopamine expression and activity in the zona incerta in rats. J Reprod Fertil 777 189-197. 

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