Utility, motives

EPRI NP-5664 is a study based on interviews of personnel at 10 utilities and 15 NRC personnel regarding the usefulness of PSA (they use the term PRA - probabilistic risk assessment). The general utility motivation for using PSA is to demonstrate an acceptably low level of risk to the NRC. Some utilities applied PSA to individual systems, functions, or issues. These smaller [ir(>grams served to train a PSA cadre and introduce PSA to other utility personnel and management. 

Mineral matter characterization in coal has received considerable attention. Given and Yarzab (1) discussed the problems posed by mineral matter in various coal analyses. Furthermore, mineral matter complicates the chemical treatment of coal. It also has many adverse effects on commercial coal utilization. Coal consumers pay to ship mineral matter, to accommodate its impact on capital equipment and operations, and to dispose of the resultant ash. The impact of coal minerals on utilization motivated Consol s initial interest in mineralogy (2). The results reported here are from a second phase of the FTIR method development, in which extensive improvements were made to the methods. 

As proposed earlier, the utilization of structurally related DX motifs, e.g., triangleshaped modules containing an additional ligation arm, should allow the construction of periodic lattices from DNA [78]. Recently, a set of publications demonstrated the feasibility of using DX motifs for DNA nanoconstructions [80-82]. DX-based triangle modules were... 

Generally, HNLs utilize an acid-base catalysis mechanism. The amino acid residues at active sites of these enzymes differ significantly, but share the common motif for cyanogenesis. 

Synthetic activity associated with the carbonyl-ene reaction is extensive. During the past decade, the trend has been to perform these reactions in the presence of a Lewis acid in an enantioselective fashion. Efforts to find a general catalyst that affords homoallylic alcohols in high yields and enantioselectivities are continual. The synthetic utility of this reaction has been validated by its application to the synthesis of a number of natural products (see Section 10.12.6) and many structurally novel motifs that have found a place in drug discovery vide infra). It is the latter application that has resulted in research efforts aimed at large-scale production of carbonyl-ene adducts. 

Another possible termination step that has been utilized for the cycloetherification of alkynols involves CO insertion and esterification of the resulting acyl metal with an exogenous alcohol. This process has typically employed MeOH as solvent and a stoichiometric oxidant since the catalyst is turned over in a reduced form. Following this mechanistic motif, a variety of alkynols have been cyclized under Pd(n) catalysis to five- and six-membered oxacycles with incorporation of methyl esters into the products.294,327-329 For the formation of five-membered ring products, this reaction has been carried out in both exo- and endo-mode to provide 1- and 2-substituted... 

Synthesis of novel polyelectrochromic materials with the new structural motif utilizing stabilized carbocations has been demonstrated by several examples. The Wurster type violene-cyanine hybrid systems (22z+ and 232+) exhibit the presumed two color changes. The new cyanine-cyanine hybrid system (24 ) with a cyanine unit at the one terminus exhibits three color changes. 

Noncovalent interactions play a special role in synthetic procedures used to assemble various types of supramolecular species. These syntheses rely on the stabilization provided by non-covalent interactions between recognition sites incorporated within precursors. Various types of non-covalent interactions can be used as a recognition motif utilized to guide the synthesis.Targeted synthesis of macro- and supramolecular structures of various sizes, shapes, and functionality has now become possible. Supramolecular chemistry offers incredible applications in various fields such as medicinal chemistry (drug delivery systems),host-guest chemistry,catalysis,and molecular electronics. ... 

Arents G, Moudrianakis EN (1993) Topography of the histone octamer surface repeating structural motifs utilized in the docking of nucleosomal DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90 10489-10493... 

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