Urticants effects

Application of topical corticosteroids under occlusion, or UV therapy (PUVA, UVAl) has been reported to lead to dermatologic improvement in patients with CM [9]. Both are effective in reducing pruritus and urtication, but relapse typically occurs... 

Urticants produce immediate irritation and pain of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Blanching, reddening of the skin (erythema), and hives develop within minutes of exposure. Blisters, localized tissue death (necrosis), and formation of scabs may be delayed for 24 hours or more. Systemic effects, including pulmonary edema, from either inhalation or percutaneous absorption of the agent, do not occur until after a substantial latency period. 

Unprotected feedstock (e.g., hay or grain) should be destroyed. Although leaves of forage vegetation could still retain sufficient urticants to produce effects for a limited time, urticants are relatively nonpersistent on surfaces and should rapidly decompose depending on the level of contamination and the weather conditions. 

Urticants can penetrate garments and rubber much faster than other chemical warfare agents. Structural firefighters protective clothing is recommended for fire situations only it is not effective in spill situations or release events and should never be used as the primary chemical protective garment to enter an area contaminated with urticants. 

Because of the vigorous reaction of urticants with caustics, household bleach is not an effective decontamination agent for large quantities of these materials. Reaction with hypochlorites, including household bleach, may produce toxic gases such as chlorine. 

Casualties/personnel Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. Because of the rapid onset of effects and the speed with which urticants are absorbed through the skin, decontamination will not be entirely effective by the time the casualty experiences pain and blanching occurs. However, decontamination must still be done as rapidly as possible postexposure. Remove all clothing as it may continue to emit "trapped" agent vapor after contact with the vapor cloud has ceased. Shower using copious amounts of soap and water. Ensure that the hair has been washed and rinsed to remove potentially trapped vapor. To be effective, decontamination must be completed within 2 minutes of exposure. If there is a potential that the eyes have been exposed to urticants, irrigate with water or 0.9% saline solution for a minimum of 15 minutes. 

Casualties/personnel Speed in decontamination is absolutely essential. Because of the rapid onset of effects and the speed with which urticants are absorbed through the skin,... 

Skin impacts from Urticant vapor occur at concentrations as low as 0.04 ppm (10 minute exposure). Effects may become unbearable at a concentration of 0.6 ppm (one minute exposure). 

Urticants produce immediate effects on skin and eyes. Pulmonary edema caused by inhalation of the agent vapor may be delayed for several hours. 

Small Areas Use large amoimts of water to wash the agents into collection areas. Rinse water and runoff may contain active agent. Because Urticants are only slowly dissolved in water, and because rinsing may drive agents into cracks and crevices, decontamination will not be entirely effective. 

Other potential blister agents include lewisite and phosgene oxime (CG). Lewisite was synthesized during the late stage of WWl, but there are no reports of its battlefield use. Its antidote, British Anti-lewisite, finds medicinal use today as a heavy metal chelator. Although classified as a vesicant, CG is a corrosive urticant for which, like lewisite, there are no reports of battlefield use. There are also no reports of CNS effects following intoxication with these agents. 

The acaricidal effect on bean mite Tetranychus urtical Koch"" of a 0.1% solution of 2-thioanilide 1-MeIcP with respect to Keltan as standard (100%) was 80%, for base 2-(4-OH-3-MeOPh)-IcP and phenacylium salt 1-MeIcP (86SUP993620, 98SUP879945) it was 90%.yi-BrPh-imidazo[4,5-g]indolizine (98SUP879946) showed the same performance as Keltan. 

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