Enzyme urine

Urinary enzyme activity provides a means to determine the presence and location of renal tubular injury as opposed to an index to the functional status of the nephron. Urine enzymes provide several advantages over urine protein for the assessment of tubular injury (Stonard et al. 1987 Vanderlinde et al. 1981 Price 1982 Plummer et al. 1986 Clemo 1998 Dubach et al. 1988 Westhuyzen et al. 2003) ... 

Urine samples are collected and maintained as described in section Assessment of Renal Injury by Urinalysis . There are some special considerations in sample collection and handling that are critical to accurate assessment of urine enzyme activity (Vander-linde, 1981 Price, 1982 Plummer etal. 1986 Mueller et al. 1986, 1989, Loeb et al. 1997, Clemo 1998, Jung and Grutzmann 1988, Loeb 1998) ... 

General Limitations of Urine Enzyme Analysis The correct sample handling methodologies have not been well validated for all enzymes in all species and it may require some effort on the part of the investigator to determine the need and optimal method for sample preparation. 

Other studies have reported raised urinary levels of alkaline phosphatase in a wide variety of renal disease (A2, A14, R22, W4). The patterns of distribution of alkaline phosphatase isozymes in the urines of patients having higher blood levels of this enzyme closely resemble those in the circulation. Urine enzyme may also originate from the prostate (S25). 

Posey, L. E., and Morgan, L. R., Urine enzyme activities in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Clin. Chim. Acta 74, 7-10 (1977). 

Urine proteins Urine enzymes Urine metabolites ... 

Urine enzyme values may be expressed per liter or per collection period or be adjusted by using urine creatinine. The calculation based on creatinine makes broad assumptions that creatinine accurately reflects urine concentration and is relatively constant. The second assumption is incorrect because tubular secretion of creatinine may change and result in an overestimation of enzyme values where urine creatinine is reduced (Jung 1991). 

Matteucci E., G. Gregori, L. Pellegrini, R. Navalesi, andO. Giampietro. 1991. How can storage time and temperature affect enzymic activities in urine Enzyme 45 116-120, p. 79. 

C. Excreted in the urine in the rare hereditary disease alkaptonuria. Homogentisic acid is easily oxidized in the air to dark-coloured polymeric products, so that urine from patients with alkaptonuria turns gradually black. It is formed from tyrosine and is an intermediate in tyrosine breakdown in the body. Alkaptonuria is due to the absence of the liver enzyme which cleaves the aromatic ring. 

Plasma levels of 3—5 p.g/mL are obtained two hours after adraiinistration of 200 mg ketoconazole. No accumulation in the bloodstream was noted after a 30-wk treatment with this dose. The half-life is approximately eight hours. When ketoconazole is taken with meals, higher plasma levels are obtained. Distribution studies using radioactive ketoconazole in rats show radioactivity mainly in the Hver and the connective tissue. Radioactivity is also present in the subcutaneous tissue and the sebaceous glands. After one dose of 200 mg in humans, ketoconazole is found in urine, saUva, sebum, and cenimen. Like miconazole, the mode of action is based on inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent biosynthesis of ergosterol. This results in disturbed membrane permeabiUty and membrane-bound enzymes (8,10,23,25). 

The ribonucleases, a family of enzymes that degrade RNA, are abundant in plasma, urine, and tissues (45). Studies with seminal ribonudease have... 

There are numerous examples of successful application of the developed procedures using native and immobilized enzymes in analysis of environmental (waters and soils of different types, air) and biological (blood semm, urine) samples. 

Urokinase (from human urine) [9039-53-6] Mr 53,000, [EC 3.4.21.31]. Crystn of this enzyme is induced at pH 5.0 to 5.3 (4") by careful addition of NaCl with gentle stirring until the soln becomes turbid (silky sheen). The NaCl concentration is increased gradually (over several days) until 98% of saturation is achieved whereby the urokinase crystallises as colourless thin brittle plates. It can be similarly recrystd to maximum specific activity [104K CTA units/mg of protein (Sherry et al. J Lab Clin Med 64 145 1964)]. [Lesuk et al. Science 147 880 1965 NMR Bogusky et al. Biochemistry 28 6728 1989.] It is a plasminogen activator [Gold et al. Biochem J 262 1989 ]. 

Among one of the more unusual side effects noticed as the use of the sulfonamides became widespread was the increased urine output of many patients treated with these drugs. The fact that the urine was unusually alkaline led to the suspicion, later (Confirmed by independent means, that these agents were responsible for partial inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Inhibition of this enzyme causes increased excretion of sodium and bicarbonate ions as well as water, in effect bringing about diure-... 

The metabolism of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) often takes place in two consecutive reactions, classically referred to as phases one and two. Phase I is a functionalization of the lipophilic compound that can be used to attach a conjugate in Phase II. The conjugated product is usually sufficiently water-soluble to be excretable into the urine. The most important biotransformations of Phase I are aromatic and aliphatic hydroxylations catalyzed by cytochromes P450. Other Phase I enzymes are for example epoxide hydrolases or carboxylesterases. Typical Phase II enzymes are UDP-glucuronosyltrans-ferases, sulfotransferases, N-acetyltransferases and methyltransferases e.g. thiopurin S-methyltransferase. 

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