Section assessment

This section assesses the dmg regulatory authorities of the 10 countries from the perspective of organizational stmcture, particularly organizational forms, human resources and financing. 

Twenty-four hour urine collection is preferred for best accuracy, although point-in-time samples can be used. Urine samples are collected from the species in question by appropriate methods (see section Assessment of Renal Injury by Urinalysis ). Total protein and creatinine are determined by appropriate methods (see under Assessment of Renal Injury by Serum Chemistry and Assessment of Renal Injury by Urinalysis ) and a urine proteimcreatinine ratio is calculated. 

Urine samples are collected and maintained as described in section Assessment of Renal Injury by Urinalysis . There are some special considerations in sample collection and handling that are critical to accurate assessment of urine enzyme activity (Vander-linde, 1981 Price, 1982 Plummer etal. 1986 Mueller et al. 1986, 1989, Loeb et al. 1997, Clemo 1998, Jung and Grutzmann 1988, Loeb 1998) ... 

The inherent limitations of the Jaffe method for determination of creatinine have been discussed in section Assessment of Renal Injury by Serum Chemistry . Factors which result in reduced excretion of creatinine without acute tubular injury (e.g., chronic renal disease in aged animals with pronounced loss of nephron mass, prerenal reduction of GFR) will also result in reduced urine creatinine and falsely elevated enzyme activity when normalized to creatinine (Price 1982, Plummer et al. 1986, Casadevall et al. 1995). 

A shift of the Sn resonances to lower frequency is observed for the cis isomers with respect to the irons ones in all compounds. However, the Sn chemical shift differences between the trcms and the cis isomers, 5( Sn), —5( Sn)ei observed for compounds 7 and 8 of <16 ppm, are smaller than those observed for the compounds where a HO- Sn coordination in the cis isomer is possible O20 ppm). This result is indicative of [4] but not definitely conclusive for the existence of a weak HO- Sn interaction, especially if it is remembered that Sn resonances are usually shifted by more than 60 ppm to lower frequency if an additional O- Sn coordination exists [4,47,48]. These considerations show the necessity of having available other NMR tools to assess the existence of weak coordinations in organotin compounds. The next section assesses the potentiality of H- Sn HMQC spectroscopy in this area. 

Finn has been responsible for the policy analysis and country-specific research. Schulte contributed sections assessing British activation policies from a legal perspective. 

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