Uridine diphosphate glucose biosynthesis

Lavintman, N., Tandecarz, J., Carceller, M., Mendiara, S., and Cardini, C. E. 1974. Role of uridine diphosphate glucose in the biosynthesis of starch Mechanism of formation and enlargement of a glucoproteic acceptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 50,145-155. 

Hahlbrock, K. and Gonn, E.E. (1970) The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides in higher plants purification and properties of a uridine diphosphate-glucose-ketone cyanohydrin p-glucosyltransferase from Linum usitatissimum (L.). /. Biol. Chem., 245, 917-22. 

Biosynthesis R. is derived from vomilenine, an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway to the antiarrhyth-mic ajmaline, by glucosylation. The corresponding glucosyl transferase is membrane-bound, dependent on uridine diphosphate glucose, and has a high substrate specificity. A soluble, substrate-specific glu-cosidase effects the reversal of this reaction see also Rauvolfia alkaloids. 

Dong Q, Ouyang L,Yu H, Xu J. Efficient biosynthesis of uridine diphosphate glucose from maltodex-trin by multiple enzymes immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. Carhohydr Res 2010 345 1622-6. 

In addition to their role as components of nucleoproteins, purines and pyrimidines are vital to the proper functioning of the cell. The bases are constituents of various coenzymes, such as coenzyme A (CoA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). A pyrimidine derivative, cytidine diphosphate choline, is involved in phospholipid synthe another pyrimidine compound, uridine diphosphate glucose, is an important substance in carbohydrate metabolism. Cytidine diphosphate ribitol functions in the biosynthesis of a new group of bacterial cell-wall components, the teichoic acids. While mammals excrete nitrogen derived from protein catabolism in the form of urea, birds eliminate their nitrogen by synthesizing it into the purine compound, uric acid. 

Before going into detailed descriptions about the CSAS application to explore the cellulose self-assembly, let us first briefly describe some common features of the two synthetic routes. The artificial synthesis of cellulose to be discussed here, which was first reported by Kobayashi et involves the enzymatic polymerization of the special substrate monomer at a specific reaction site of the so-called cleft in cellulase used as a catalytic enzyme that will be detailed in Section 2.13.3. The biosynthesis of cellulose involves also the enzymatic polymerization of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) at the specific reaction sites of the so-called terminal complex (TC) on the outer membrane of cytoplasm of bacteria genera Acetobacter xylinum (AX)In both systems, the synthesized cellulose molecules are self-assembled in situ in the reaction medium. 

Figure 47-7. Pathway of biosynthesis of dolichol-P-P-oligosaccharide. The specific linkages formed are indicated in Figure 47-8. Note that the first five internal mannose residues are donated by GDP-mannose, whereas the more external mannose residues and the glucose residues are donated by dolichol-P-mannose and dolichol-P-glucose. (UDP, uridine diphosphate Dol, dolichol P, phosphate UMP, uridine monophosphate GDP, guanosine diphosphate M, mannose G, glucose.)...

Flowers, H.M., Batra, K.K., Kemp, J. Hassid, W.Z. (1968) Biosynthesis ot insoluble Glucans from Uridine Diphosphate-D-glucose with Enzyme Preparations from Phaseolus aureus and Lupinus albi, Plant Physiology, 43, 1703-9 Forsee, W.T., Griffin, J.A. Schutzbach, J.S. (1977) Mannosyltransfer fi om GDP-Mannose to Oligosaccharide Lipids , Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 75, 799-805... 

---