Urban atmosphere ethers

The ketones are also present in readily detectable amounts, with acetone concentrations usually dominating those of the other ketones. Several alcohols have been observed in urban atmospheres methanol and ethanol are present at the highest concentrations. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is observed in urban atmospheres where this compound is used as a gasoline additive. Esters are observed in urban atmospheres, especially near sources of solvent manufacture or heavy use. The smaller organic acids are usually observed in urban areas. Although their sources are not strong, their removal rates by reaction are small, as loss occurs largely by deposition on terrestrial or water surfaces, or by accumulation in aerosols. A number of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12)... 

One of the major uses of activated carbon is in the recovery of solvents from industrial process effluents. Dry cleaning, paints, adhesives, polymer manufacturing, and printing are some examples. Since, as a result of the highly volatile character of many solvents, they cannot be emitted directly into the atmosphere. Typical solvents recovered by active carbon are acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl ether, pentane, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other aromatic compounds [78], Besides, automotive emissions make a large contribution to urban and global air pollution. Some VOCs and other air contaminants are emitted by automobiles through the exhaust system and also by the fuel system, and activated carbons are used to control these emissions [77,78],... 

Cetin B, Odabasi M (2008) Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polytaominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey. Chemosphere 71 1067-1078 Chen S-J, Hsieh L-T, Hwang P-S (1996) Concentration, phase distribution, and size distribution of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls measured in southern Taiwan. Environ Int 22 411-423 Chen L-G, Mai B-X, Bi X-H et al (2006) Concentration levels, compositional profiles, and gas-particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of an urban city in South China Environ Sci Technol 40 1190-1196 Chuang JC, Mack GA, Kuhlman MR et al (1991) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and then-derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in an eight-home study. Atmos Environ B 25 369-380 Cotham WE, Bidleman TF (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in air at an urban and a rural site near Lake Michigan. Environ Sci Technol 29 2782-2789... 

Falconer RL, Bidleman TF, Gotham WE (1995) Preferential sorption of non- and mono-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls to urban aerosols. Environ Sci Technol 29 1666-1673 Farrar NJ, Smith KEC, Lee RGM et al (2004) Atmospheric emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other persistent organic pollutants during a major anthropogenic combustion event. Environ Sci Technol 38 1681—1685 Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T et al (1997) Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols. Atmos Environ 31 2289-2296 Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1986) Atmospheric chemistry fundamentals and experimental techniques. Wiley, New York... 

Mandalakis M, Besis A, Stephanou EG (2009) Particle-size distribution and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric polylnominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece. Environ Pollut 157 1227-1233... 

The major route for the removal of dimethyl ether from the atmosphere is via its reaction with OH. With an average atmospheric [OH] = 1 x 10 molecule cm , a lifetime of about 4 days is derived. Nighttime removal via reaction with NO3 may also make a minor contribution in polluted urban and rural regions (a lifetime of 17... 

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