Uptake and Metabolism

Smith, M.D. and Hill, E.M. (2004). Uptake and metabolism of technical nonylphenol and its brominated analogues in the roach (Rutilus rutilus). Aquatic Toxicology 69, 359-370. 

Dipyridamole exerts its effect by inhibition of platelet phosphodiesterase E5, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). By inhibiting its uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes, dipyridamole also increases the availability of adenosine within blood vessels, promoting inhibition of platelet aggregation and local vasodilatation. " Dipyridamole may also inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase in platelets, which further increases cAMP levels and may enhance endothelial nitric oxide production, contributing to its antithrombotic effect. Existing trials of dipyridamole in stroke have focused on secondary prevention and will be discussed briefly. 

Sex differences in uptake and metabolism of trichloroethylene have been seen in both humans and animals (see Section 2.8). Studies with male and female rats given various levels of testosterone have implicated this hormone in determining the degree of dermal penetration of trichloroethylene (McCormick and Abdel-Rahman 1991). The mechanism behind this effect is still unclear. 

The sites of action of drugs affecting the dopamine synapse are indicated in Fig. 7.3. Those modifying the synthesis, storage, release, uptake and metabolism of DA have been covered above in the appropriate sections on neurochemistry. The actions and uses of agonists and antagonists are outlined in Table 7.4 and covered in detail in appropriate chapters. Their structures are given in Fig. 7.6. 

Rice CP, HC Sikka (1973) Uptake and metabolism of DDT by six species of marine algae. JAgric Food Chem 21 148-152. 

Burken JG, JL Schnoor (1997) Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. Environ Sci Technol 31 1399-1406. 

There has been renewed interest in DDT in spite of the fact that its use has been banned in many countries for several years. The degradation of DDT has been discussed in Chapter 7, Part 3, and attention has been directed to the apparently recalcitrant DDE (Quensen et al. 1998) and DDA (Heberer and Diinnbier 1999). Uptake and metabolism of p,p -DDT and the isomeric o,p -DDT have been examined in a range of plants, and the results illustrate a number of important issues. 

Tepperman, K., Finer, R., Donovan, S., Doi, J., Ratdift, D. and Ng, K. (1984) Intestinal uptake and metabolism of auranofin, a new oral gold-based antiarthritis drug. Science, 225, 430-432. 

O Connor CJ, Singh RMD, Walde P, et al. 1986. Uptake and metabolism of sulphides by wine yeasts. Journal of Plant Physiology 125 123-136. 

Heard MJ, Wells AC, Newton D, et al. 1979. Human uptake and metabolism of tetra ethyl and tetramethyl lead vapour labelled with 203Pb. In International Conference on Management and Control of Heavy Metals in the Environment, London, England, September. Edinburgh, United Kingdom CEP Consultants, Ltd., 103-108. 

Ballarin, M., Fredholm, B. B., Ambrosio, S. Mahy, N. (1991). Extracellular levels of adenosine and its metabolites in the striatum of awake rats inhibition of uptake and metabolism. Acta Physiol. Scand. 142 (1), 97-103. 

FRET-based nanosensors have been successfully used to monitor steady state levels of metabolites, nutrients, and ions in mammalian cells [74, 87], Recently FRET-based glucose, sucrose, and amino acid nanosensors have been developed to study the metabolism of glucose, sucrose, and amino acid uptake and metabolism in plant cells [80,89, 91]. The enormous potential of these nanosensors will be crucial for understanding ion (e.g., calcium), metabolite (e.g., sugars), hormone (e.g., auxins, gibberellins etc.), and nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) requirements and homeostasis in living plant tissues. 

Xu, P, Vogt, T. and Taylor, L.P. (1997). Uptake and metabolism of flavonols during in-vitro germination of Petunia hybrida (L) pollen. Planta 202 257-265. 

Nehhg, A. Brain uptake and metabolism of ketone bodies in animal models. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 70 265-275, 2004. 

Reichert, W.L., D.A. Federighi, and D.C. Malins. 1979. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63C 229-234. 

Modified from Zakour, H.R. 1980. Toxicity, Uptake and Metabolism of the /V-methyl-carbamate Pesticide Carbofuran by the Freshwater Bivalve Mollusc Glebula rotundata (Lamarck). Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University, Houston. 148 pp. 

Kennedy, C.J. and P.J. Walsh. 1994. The effects of temperature on the uptake and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in isolated gill cells of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus tau. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 13 93-103. 

Alterations in neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism in glial cells / Modification in the ratio and function of inhibitory circuits / Local neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., glutamate, y-aminobutyric acid [GABA]), acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin)... 

Ex vivo studies have revealed that trichothecenes can both inhibit and stimulate leukocyte function.12 For example, trichothecenes are toxic to alveolar macrophages,13 but drive differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells.14 Dose-dependent decreases or increases in B- and T-cell mitogen responses are observable in lymphocytes from animals exposed to T-2 toxin, DON, or various macrocyclic trichothecenes these toxins similarly impair or enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.12 Rank order of inhibitor potency in rodent and human lymphocyte proliferation assays is Type D > Type A group > Type B group and is dependent on degree of acylation as well as of uptake and metabolism. 

Iversen, L. L. and Kelly, J. S. (1975) Uptake and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid by neurones and glial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 24, 933-938. 

Sanborn JR, Metcalf RL, Yu CC, et al. 1975. Plasticizers in the environment The fate of di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) in two model ecosystems and uptake and metabolism of DOP by aquatic organisms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 3 244-255. 

Environ. Contain. Toxicol. (1975) 3, Plasticizers in the Environment The Fate of Di-N-Octyl Phthalate (DOP) in Two Model Ecosystems and Uptake and Metabolism of DOP by Aquatic Organisms, 244-255. 

Experiments in this study, done exclusively with midge larvae, include 1) 24-hr toxicity data for representative insecticides, with and without synergists 2) in vivo absorptive uptake and metabolic studies of aldrin and dieldrin, with and without piperonyl butoxide (PBO) 3) body depuration rate (loss to water) for dieldrin 4) determination of optimal in vitro... 

Ryrfeldt A, Nilsson E, Tunek A, Svensson LA (1988) Bambuterol uptake and metabolism in guinea pig isolated lungs. Pharm Res 5 151-155. 

Annaert P, Kinget R, Naesens L, de Clercq E, Augustijns P (1997) Transport, uptake, and metabolism of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-ester prodrug of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in an in vitro cell culture system of the intestinal mucosa (Caco-2). Pharm Res 14 492-496. 

Trotter, P.J. and Storch, J., Fatty acid uptake and metabolism in a human intestinal cell line (Caco-2) comparison of apical and basolateral incubation, /. Lipid Res., 32, 293,1991. 

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