Unsaturated polyesters condensation process

P.B.15 3, like stabilized a-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue, markedly affects the hardening of unsaturated polyester cast resins. The list of applications also includes PUR foam materials, office articles, such as colored pencils, wax crayons, and water colors, as well as spin dyeing of polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, secondary acetate, polyamide, polyester, and viscose. Used in polyester spin dyeing, P.B.15 3 satisfies the thermal requirements of the condensation process (Sec. 1.8.3.8). 1/3 and 1/25 SD samples equal step 7-8 on the Blue Scale for lightfastness. Textile fastnesses, such as stability to wet and dry crocking are perfect. 

Since the introduction of the first commercial thermoset, Bakelite, based on phenol formaldehyde condensation, a wide range of thermoset materials have been introduced. These are typically designed for specific properties related to their chemistry and processability. Some commercially important thermosets include phenolics, ureas, melamines, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, silicones, rubbers, polyurethanes, acrylics, cyanates, polyimides, and benzocyclobutenes. ... 

Polyesters A broad class of polymers usually made by condensation of a diol with dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. Polyesters consist of chains with repeating carbonyloxy group and can be aliphatic or aromatic. There are thermosetting polyesters, such as alkyd resins and unsaturated polyesters, and thermoplastic polyesters such as PET. The properties, processing methods, and applications of polyesters vary widely. Also called Polyester Resins. 

Chlorine compounds can be added to the polymer or incorporated in the polymer chain itself. Chloroparaffins are suitable additives, but because of their incompatibility with the polymer, the processed articles lose their transparency and suffer deterioration of mechanical properties. In many cases, therefore, incorporation is preferable. Unsaturated polyesters are thus made more flameproof by condensing in what is called HET acid (hexachloro-endomethylene-tetrahydrophthalic acid, the Diels-Alder product of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and maleic acid) ... 

Won et al. [19], have reported synthesis of polyesters with valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine (Table 12.1). This three-step process involves synthesis of a diester and a dinitro compound that are copolymerized [19], An amino acid is first coupled with a diol (with 3, 4, or 6 methylene groups) in the presence of tosyl to yield a diester with acid salts of diamine at the terminal ends. The second monomer, di-p-nitrophenyl ester of carboxylic acids, is synthesized by a condensation reaction of adipoyl or se-bacoyl chloride with p-nitro phenol. The final polymerization step involves an arduous condensation reaction in the presence of a strong proton abstractor between acid salt of bis(amino acid-alkyne diester) and di-p-nitrophenyl ester of dicarboxylic acids. Following along the same lines, Chu and Guo [22] have copolymerized a mixture of nitro phenyl ester of succinate, adipate, or sebacate and nitrophenyl fumarate with toluenesulfonic acid salt of phenylalanine butane-1,4-diester. The addition of fumarate derivative to the monomer mixture provides an unsaturated double bond in the polymer backbone that can be functionalized for specific biomedical... 

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