Universal query

Answers such as / don t know should also be taken into account. Classification queries are a particular case of universal queries and of existential queries, namely when there are no variables in A. Universal queries are a particular case of conditional queries, namely when C reduces to true. Similarly to our assumption about the consistency of specifications with intended relations, we assume that the specifier s answers to queries are noise-free. Note that we talk about questions to a (human) specifier here, and not about the more general problem of asking questions to some oracle. At this level of the discourse, we are not interested in knowing whether a mechanized oracle is queried during synthesis or not. 

In statements 1 and 2, "For all" is a quantifier, specifically, the universal quantifier Water is a constant A is a variable and Liquid and Flow are predicates. Both statements 1 and 2 are asserted to be tme. First-order predicate logic gets its name because predicates such as Liquid and Flow are allowed, and quantification is only allowed on variables, not predicates. Having represented these facts in the logic system, the system can then be queried ... 

The idea of writing a book on inorganic sonochemistry originated way back in 2000 but turned to reality only recently when discussed with Dr. Sonia Ojo from Springer UK. She thankfully introduced me to Prof. Muthupandian Ashokkumar, University of Melbourne, Australia, a very well known name in the area of sonochemistry and sonoluminescence, to accomplish the task. Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge Mrs. Claudia Culierat from Springer UK for her instantaneous and supportive attention to all my queries related to editorial assistance. 

Assuming that all combinations of neutrons and protons can exist, which atomic nuclei are stable enough to survive for as long as the Universe itself, that is, for around 10 billion years Estimates of nuclear stability are available to answer this query. The 270 or so nuclei found in nature in some lasting form all lie along what is known as the valley of stability in the (A, Z) plane (Eig. 4.2). 

One of the authors (D.H. Chen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710), has written a computer program incorporating this complete estimation method and it is available for a nominal fee. This Fortran-based program is an executable program that will run out of DOS on an IBM-compatible PC. Structural input to the program is via a series of queries the user must respond to. Some familiarity with the estimation method is necessary to properly use the computer program. 

There is no definitive answer possible, but no candidate more suitable than Wasson s has yet appeared. A recent Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Berkeley, entitled "Huoma, renews this query, suggesting on the basis of linguistic factors that the plant contained a harmaline compound (which in botanical terms does not fit with Soma s identification). 

NIH queries university on use of homeless in tests. (1996, December 26). The Washington Post, p. A13. 

That the best general definition of the concept body has been given by the mathematicians, I hold to be so evident that I really do not expect anybody will query the tmth of this statement. From this universal definition of the geometricians, however, nobody will be able to deduce with correct and logical reasoning the individual nature of each single body as it exists in nature. 

In the digital age, ideas and information will be reprocessed and reused. Their portability and, consequently, their usefulness are dependent on the ability to find their particular data bit streams within a vast universe of binary number sequences. As the mass of documents in an enterprise EDMS grows and the filing structure that accommodates it both broadens and deepens, retrieving any specific item from the repository becomes more difficult. Speedy and accurate search and retrieval are achieved by allowing searches based on document content, attributes, or both. Users must also be able to save their queries for future reuse and store their queries in a centrally administered, single location. A simple FIND function must allow users to search either all versions of files or to restrict a search to only current versions of files. The system must validate and maintain a controlled list of category values and a controlled list of status values. 

Once we have finished the business of universality and specificity, the final discussion of the chapter, and indeed of the book as a whole, will serve as a personal reflection on what appear to me to be some of the more intriguing and fertile realms for reflection in coming years. These queries are strictly a matter of personal taste and should be viewed by the reader as nothing more than suggestions, something akin to looking over my shoulder as I list possible directions for my own future thought. 

Many of these tools have been developed through successful collaborations between researchers and industry. Clio, one of the first and most sophisticated schema matching tools, was a research prototype developed through a collaboration at IBM s Almaden Research Center and the University of Toronto [Miller et al. 2001], Clio can automatically generate a view to reformulate queries from one schema to another or transform data from one representation to another to facilitate data exchange. 

In Fagin et al. [2005a], the semantics of query answering has been defined by considering the universal solutions. Indeed, it is important to ascertain whether certain answers of a query can be computed by query evaluation on the good target instance that has been chosen for materialization. In Sect. 2, we have already... 

Popa L (2000) Object/relational query optimization with chase and backchase. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania... 

The TAMBIS Project (Transparent Access to Multiple Bioinformatics Information Sources) [Baker et al. 1991] started in the late 1990s at the University of Manchester and has developed a powerful data model together with a knowledge base affording near-natural language queries to federated distributed biological databases. 

The Case Western Reserve University s Pathways Database System [Ozsoyoglu, Nadeau, and Ozsoyoglu 2003] comes with a sample set of metabolic and signaling pathways, most drawn from Michal s Biochemical Pathways [Michal 1999], It consists of a suite of tools, including query interfaces, viewers, and a pathway editor. 

K2 [13] is a distributed query system that has been developed at the University of Pennsylvania. K2 relies on a set of data drivers, each of which handles the low-level details of communicating with a single class of underlying data sources (e.g., Sybase relational databases, Perl/shell scripts, the BLAST family of similarity search programs, etc.). A data driver accepts queries expressed in the query language of its underlying data source. It transmits each such query to the source for evaluation and then converts the query result into K2 s internal complex value representation. Data drivers are also responsible for providing K2 with data source metadata (i.e., types and schemas), which are used to type check queries. 

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