United Kingdom Scheme

The fiscal system set by the host government determines the method by which the host nation claims its entitlement to income from the production and sale of hydrocarbons. The simplest fiscal system is the tax and royalty scheme, such as that applied to income from production in the UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf). 

Other variations of catalytic and noncatalytic coal Hquefaction schemes were also developed (27,28). Additionally, bench-scale and semiworks systems have been operated in Germany by researchers at Bergbau-Forschung in Essen (29). A 2.5 ton per day pilot plant is being operated by the National Coal Board in the United Kingdom at Point of Ayr in Wales (30). This facdity is notable for the use of semibatch or candle filters for removal of mineral matter and unreacted coal from the primary Hquefaction products. 

In the United Kingdom, clinical trial applications are submitted to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). There are several schemes for clinical trial application the major two are the Clinical Trial Certificate (CTC) and Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX) schemes. 

The LA had 35 days to respond to the notification to proceed with a clinical trial but could in exceptional circumstances require a further 28 days to consider the notification, if the CTX was refused, the applicant could apply for a CTC, in which case complete data had to be filed, if the CTC application was refused the statutory appeal procedures came into play if the applicant company wished to avail itself of this provision. These appeal procedures were identical with those applying to marketing applications. The CTX scheme proved highly successful in encouraging inward investment into research in the United Kingdom, in a sample of 42 companies, an increase in research investment of 10% or more was attributed to the scheme by 23 of them. its implementation was criticised by consumer groups and its effect was carefully monitored every 6 months to ensure that no added risk to patients had been introduced. 

Speirs CJ, Saunders RM, Griffin JP. The United Kingdom Qinical Trial Exemption Scheme - its effects on investment in research. Pharm Int 1984 5 254-6. 

Where a clinical trial was proposed with a marketed product then the CTMP scheme could be used. This was a streamlined process based on the fact that there were no quality issues with a product that had already been granted a marketing authorisation. The applicant submitted a copy of the trial protocol, provided information on the investigators and, depending on whether or not the applicant was the MAH, information on the procedures for reporting adverse drug reactions. It was only possible to use this procedure for UK marketed products. It did not apply to unauthorised products manufactured specifically for trial or to products, which were licensed only in countries other than the United Kingdom. 

Each Member State of the European Union operates its own policy regarding the pricing of pharmaceutical products. In the United Kingdom, the primary tool is the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS), which is better described as a profit-regulating scheme. This is dealt with in detail in Chapter 26. 

M. Parkany (editor ), Quality assurance for analytical laboratories. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1993 (Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on the Harmonization of Internal Quality Assurance Schemes for Analytical Laboratories held in Washington DC, USA, 22-23 July... 

CPA (UK) Ltd. Standards for EQA schemes in Laboratory Medicine 2004. Version 4.02, 45 Rutland Park, Sheffield, S10 2PB, United Kingdom... 

Chakrabarti and coworkers at Eli Lilly in the United Kingdom have reported the initial discovery and synthesis of olanzapine (Schemes 5 and,6). The thiophene 22 was synthesized by adding a DMF solution of malononitrile to a mixture of sulfur, propionaldehyde and triethylamine in DMF. The anion of amino thiophene 22 underwent a nucleophilic aromatic substitution with 2-fluoronitrobenzene to provide 23. The nitro group was reduced with stannous chloride and the resulting anihne cyclized with the cyano group to form amidine 24. Finally, a mixture of N-methylpiperazine and 24 were refluxed in DMSO/toluene to afford olanzapine (2). 

Zolmitriptan (2, BW-311C90) was discovered by Wellcome in the United Kingdom and then transferred to AstraZeneca upon the acquisition of Wellcome by Glaxo (now GlaxoSmithKline). The synthesis began with 4-nitro-L-phenylalanine (29), which was converted to the methyl ester and then reduced with NaBHj to give the amino alcohol (Scheme 8). ° Oxazolidinone 30 was formed by treating the amino alcohol... 

INPL participates in the Brewing Analytes Proficiency Testing Scheme (BAPS) organized by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) in the United Kingdom. So, once a month INPL analysts (co-authors of the present article B. Anisimov and I. Goldfeld) perform etha-... 

Results of a trial United Kingdom proficient testing (PT) scheme using stack-emission gases... 

The results of the first round of a trial gaseous measurement PT scheme has been carried out by the NPL with the United Kingdom s Source Testing Association (STA). Eighteen STA member companies took part in the scheme, which involved the round-robin measurements of a number of nationally traceable, standard gas mixtures which had accurately known concentrations. 

Commission Decision of 28 November 2001 (COM(2001) 3739 final), State aid No. N416/2001 - United Kingdom Emission Trading Scheme (available at http //www.europa.eu.int/comm/secretariat general/sgb/state aids/comp-2001/ n416-01.pdf), p. 9, para. Vl(b). 

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