Uniform-usage

Carbohydrate nomenclature has been an ever-present problem in this series. It has recently been the subject of rather extensive consultations between representatives of the American and British carbohydrate chemists, and the final results have appeared in printed form, Chem. Eng. News, 31, 1776 (1953) and J. Chem. Soc., 5108 (1952). Meanwhile, the present volume represents rather a transition stage in this development, particularly as regards the use of the O-substitution indication, which has been employed only in part. More uniform usage may be expected in the future. 

The DSDP (deep-sea drilling project) has also developed a couple of classification systems. During the first three phases of the DSDP from 1968 to 1976 the description and classification evolved from a poorly defined qualitative system to a more rigorous system. This new system provided sediment names and classes based on standardized descriptive parameters (van Andel, 1981). A summary of the procedures used in the application of this classification have been presented by a number of authors (Hayes et al., 1973 Weser, 1973). This approach was revamped in 1974 to simplify sediment names and promote more uniform usage to decrease errors, as shown in Figure 7.11. 

The use of a and P to denote the forms of quartz has not always been uniform in the Hterature, particularly in older references. Although some authors have used P to denote the low form, usage as of the 1990s has the stable low temperature phase as a and the high temperature phase as p. 

Zeolites and Catalytic Cracking. The best-understood metal oxide catalysts are zeoHtes, ie, crystalline aluminosihcates (77—79). The zeoHtes are well understood because they have much more nearly uniform compositions and stmctures than amorphous metal oxides such as siUca and alumina. Here the usage of amorphous refers to results of x-ray diffraction experiments the crystaUites of a metal oxide such as y-Al202 that constitute the microparticles are usually so small that sharp x-ray diffraction patterns are not measured consequendy the soHds are said to be x-ray amorphous or simply amorphous. 

Color Difference Evaluation. Shade evaluation is comparable in importance to relative strength evaluation for dyes. This is of interest to both dye manufacturer and dye user for purposes of quaUty control. Objective evaluation of color differences is desirable because of the well-known variabihty of observers. A considerable number of color difference formulas that intend to transform the visually nonuniform International Commission on Illumination (CIE) tristimulus color space into a visually uniform space have been proposed over the years. Although many of them have proven to be of considerable practical value (Hunter Lab formula, Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC) formula, Adams-Nickerson formula, etc), none has been found to be satisfactorily accurate for small color difference evaluation. Correlation coefficients for the correlation between average visually determined color difference values and those based on measurement and calculation with a formula are typically of a magnitude of approximately 0.7 or below. In the interest of uniformity of international usage, the CIE has proposed two color difference formulas (CIELAB and CIELUV) one of which (CIELAB) is particularly suitable for appHcation on textiles (see Color). 

Advantages over dipping are numerous there is no sagging and no blocked threads or holes the cover on edges, welds and seams is superior box sections are uniformly coated Coating of mixed components is possible, with virtually 100% paint usage and, above all, because the paints are water-borne, there is no necessity for flash off zones or fire protection. 

The two-roll mill represents the earliest form of rubber processing machine, used by the rubber manufacturer being developed from the masticator of Hancock. Over the years the emphasis of the role of the two-roll mill has moved from being that of the prime means of compound preparation for the majority of the rubber industry, to that of secondary usage. In the modem factory conventional two-roll mills are used for compound blending and for sheeting off of compound mixed by other means. In addition they are used to warm-up compounds from store, and for a number of blending purposes to achieve compound uniformity for other processes. 

H2/CO = 1 was used, the usage ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide was always greater than the feed ratio, and thus the catalyst was uniformly exposed to a low H2/CO ratio, which increases the chance for carbide formation. 

Note 4 The adjectives monodisperse and polydisperse are deeply rooted in the literature, despite the former being non-descriptive and self-contradictory. They are in common usage and it is recognized that they will continue to be used for some time nevertheless, more satisfactory terms are clearly desirable. After an extensive search for possible replacements, the terms uniform and non-uniform have been selected and they are now the preferred adjectives. 

Their usage is not always uniform and often confuses our understanding of concepts [2]. In this context, we use the topochemical term in its simplest form as follows a topochemical reaction is one that proceeds with the minimum movement of molecules and atoms in the solid state, and the symmetry of the product crystal is the same as that of the starting crystal [116]. 

Figure 17 shows that a more uniform mass distribution can be achieved at higher filtration velocities, both for the low and the high porous material. Finally, Fig. 18 shows the utilized capacity of the filter wall for all the cases in study, computed with a gas temperature of 280°C and a primary and aggregate particle size of 20 and 90 nm, respectively, as a function of the Peclet number. It is seen (Fig. 18) that the more porous materials with a smaller wall thickness can attain a better usage of the capacity of the filter wall, when the Peclet number increases. 

Many organic chemists, and indeed the previous versions of this book, use the term carbonium ion for species of this kind. However, there is well-established usage of the -onium suffix, for ammonium, oxonium, chloronium, and so on, to denote positively charged atoms with filled valence shells. In the interest of greater uniformity of nomenclature we shall use carbocation for carbon positive ions that have unfilled valence shells (6 electrons). 

---