UNIFI Waters system

Figure 3.1 shows typically that for any soil as the compactive effort increases, the maximum density increases and the optimum water content decreases. The approximate relative moisture density relationships for the soil designations of the Unified Classification System are shown in Figure 3.2. 

It is supposed that Waters offers a new approach with the UNIFI system. The basic idea is that all systems of a laboratory access the same data pool in the database. Here, the single components CDS, ELN, and SDMS can be connected to, which are required by the customer. By using a shared database all connection steps are obsolete, and the single system could cooperate seamlessly. The only question that has not been solved yet is how systems of other suppliers could dock on. In case UNIFI will be kept as a proprietary Waters system, this concept could not be considered as a comprehensive approach for the laboratory of tomorrow. 

Organic peroxide-aromatic tertiary amine system is a well-known organic redox system 1]. The typical examples are benzoyl peroxide(BPO)-N,N-dimethylani-line(DMA) and BPO-DMT(N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine) systems. The binary initiation system has been used in vinyl polymerization in dental acrylic resins and composite resins [2] and in bone cement [3]. Many papers have reported the initiation reaction of these systems for several decades, but the initiation mechanism is still not unified and in controversy [4,5]. Another kind of organic redox system consists of organic hydroperoxide and an aromatic tertiary amine system such as cumene hydroperoxide(CHP)-DMT is used in anaerobic adhesives [6]. Much less attention has been paid to this redox system and its initiation mechanism. A water-soluble peroxide such as persulfate and amine systems have been used in industrial aqueous solution and emulsion polymerization [7-10], yet the initiation mechanism has not been proposed in detail until recently [5]. In order to clarify the structural effect of peroxides and amines including functional monomers containing an amino group, a polymerizable amine, on the redox-initiated polymerization of vinyl monomers and its initiation mechanism, a series of studies have been carried out in our laboratory. 

Table 1 Comparison between the new, unified ASTM and ISO standard test methods for copper release rates of AF coating systems in sea water (to be implemented during 2005 Arias, personal communication). The description of the original procedures (ASTM D6442-99 and ISO/DIS 15181-1,2) can be found in Arias (1999) and Haslbeck and Holm (2005).

Water treatment in waterworks may be solved by means of either unified or individual technology. In Poland and other countries, the coagulational — adsorptive system, frequently cormected with preliminary oxidation is proposed for surface water treatment. In these solutions, powdered carbon is an adsorptive bed and granular carbon serves to the final purification. In the case of equal concentrations of pollutants only dynamic sorption is used [17—22]. The knowledge of mechanisms of adsorption, sorbent characteristics, concentration and kind of pollutants, other factors influencing sorption capacity of carbons and kinetics of adsorption is required for the correct solution of adsorption processes [23, 24]. 

The glass transition processes in foods may result from a rapid removal of water from solids. Based on that, e.g., the Tg values of anhydrous polysaccharides are high, and the food materials may decompose at temperatures below Tg (Kokini et al 1994 Roos and Karel, 1991b). The glass temperature transition affects viscosity, stickiness, crispness, collapse, crystallization, and ice formation, and can strongly influence deteriorative reaction rates. This provides a new theoretical and experimental framework for the study of food systems to unify structural and functional aspects of foods, described in terms of water dynamics and glass dynamics. 

These unified concepts, based on water dynamics and glass dynamics, have been used to explain and predict the functional and rheological properties of food systems during processing and their effects on time-dependent structural and mechanical factors related to quality and storage stability of food microstructures. 

Therefore, all above-mentioned bulk LM processes with water-immiscible hquid membrane solutions may be unified under the term bulk organic hybrid hquid membrane (BOHLM) systems. Bulk LM processes with water-soluble carriers [22] are defined as bulk aqueous hybrid liquid membrane (BAHLM) systems. These new technologies have the necessary transport and selectivity characteristics to have potential for commercial apphcations and are considered in detail in the respective chapters. 

The proportion of sewage and industrial waters in municipal waters depends on the balance between the size of settlement and the size and character of industrial production in the locality in question. Application of a particular treatment depends on the type of industrial wastewaters, or on the use of unified or separated sewerage system [13-14]. 

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