Ultrasound biological effects

Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Ultrasound Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields Microprocessors in Dosimetry Efficacy Studies... 

Williams, A.R. 1986. Ultrasound biological effects and potential hazards, New York Academic Press. 

Williams, A. R. Ultrasound Biological Effects and Potential Hazards. Academic Press San Francisco, 1983. 

A. A. Atchley and L. A. Crum, Acoustic cavitation and bubble dynamics, in Ultrasound, its Chemical, Physical and Biological Effect, K. S. Suslick, ed, VCH, New York (1988). 

I. E. El piner, Ultrasound Physical, Chemical, and Biological Effects, (trans. F. A. Sinclair). Consultants Bureau, New York, 1964. 

The purpose of this chapter will be to serve as a critical introduction to the nature and origin of the chemical effects of ultrasound. We will focus on organo-transition metal sonochemistry as a case study. There will be no attempt to be comprehensive, since recent, exhaustive reviews on both organometallic sonochemistry Q) and the synthetic applications of ultrasound (2) have been published, and a full monograph on the chemical, physical and biological effects of ultrasound is in press (3). 

The chemical and biological effects of ultrasound were first reported by Loomis more than 50 years ago (4). Within fifteen years of the Loomis papers, widespread industrial applications of ultrasound included welding, soldering, dispersion, emulsification, disinfection, refining, cleaning, extraction, flotation of minerals and the degassing of liquids (5),(6). The use of ultrasound within the chemical community, however, was sporadic. With the recent advent of inexpensive and reliable sources of ultrasound, there has been a resurgence of interest in the chemical applications of ultrasound. 

Suslick, K. S. (Ed.) Ultrasound Its Chemical, Physical and Biological Effects VCH Publishers, New York 1986. 

The potential of sonochemistry was identified over sixty years ago in a wide ranging paper entitled The Physical and Biological Effects of High Frequency Sound-Waves of Great Intensity [13]. Over the few years which followed this paper a great deal of pioneering work in sonochemistry was carried out and, as a result of this, two reviews on the applications of ultrasound in polymer and chemical processes were published... 

Briggs, G. A. D. (1990k). Ultrasound—its chemical, physical and biological effects (ed. 

Elpiner IE (1963) Ultrasound. Physico-chemical and biological effects. Physmatgiz, Moscow... 

As ultrasound energy penetrates the body tissues, biological effects can be expected to occur if the tissues absorb the energy. The absorption coefficient (a) is used as a measure of the absorption in various tissues. For an ultrasound consisting of longitudinal waves with perpendicular incidence on homogeneous tissues, the following equation applies ... 

H.F. Stewart and M.E. Stratmeyer (editors), An Overview of Ultrasound Theory, Measurement, Medical Applications and Biological Effects, HHS Publication FDA 82-8190, Rockville MD, 1982,134 pp. 

Biological Effects of Ultrasound Mechanisms and Clinical Implications (1983)... 

Harley (1985) [Available also in Radioactive Waste, see above] 10 Biological Effects of Non-ionizing Radiations Cellular Properties and Interactions by Herman P. Schwan (1987) [Available also in Nonionizing Electromagnetic Radiations and Ultrasound, see above]... 

Cintas, P. Activated Metals in Organic Synthesis. CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, 1993, pp. 45-70 Ultrasound its Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects. (Edit. Suslick, K.S.). VCH Weinheim, 1988. 

Ultrasound its Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects. (Edit. Suslick, K.S.). VCH Weinheim, 1988. 

Refs. [i] Leighton TG (1994) The acoustic bubble. Academic Press, London [ii] Suslick KS (1988) Ultrasound, its physical, chemical and biological effects. VCH, Weinheim... 

Mason, T.J., Ed. Advances in Sonochemistry, JAI Press, NY, 1990-1994, Vols. 1—3 Price, G.J., Ed. Current Trends in Sonochemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1992 Suslick, K.S. Science 1990,247, 1439 Suslick, K.S. Ultrasound Its Chemical, Physical, and Biological Effects, VCH, NY, 1988 Knapp, R.T. Daily, J.W. Hammitt, RG. Cavitation, McCh-aw-Hill, NY, 1970 Young, ER. Cavitation, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1989 Brennen, C.E. Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1995 Anbar, M. Science 1968, 161, 1343. 

In order to understand the mechanisms of sonophoresis, it is important to identify various effects of ultrasound exposure on the human tissue since one or more of these effects may contribute to the mechanism of sonophoresis. A brief description of the various biological effects of ultrasound is provided below. 

Instead, sonochemistry and sonoluminescence derive principally from acoustic cavitation, which serves as an effective means of concentrating the diffuse energy of sound. Compression of a gas generates heat. When the compression of bubbles occurs during cavitation, it is more rapid than thermal transport, which generates a short-lived, localized hot-spot. Rayleigh s early descriptions of a mathematical model for the collapse of cavities in incompressible liquids predicted enormous local temperatures and pressures.13 Ten years later, Richards and Loomis reported the first chemical and biological effects of ultrasound.14... 

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