Ultrasonic measurement methods

E.P Papadakis, Ultrasonics Measurement Methods, Physical Acoustics, Vol. XIX, Academic Press, New York, 1990, p. 107. 

I encourage lipid chemists to invest the resources to develop ultrasonic measurement methods. Existing technology can compete with existing solid fat measurement methods, and new theoretical developments offer the promise of much more. 

Papadakis, E.P., The Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity, in Ultrasonic Measurement Methods, edited by R.N. Thurston and A.D. Pierce, 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, 1990, pp. 81-106. 

EP Papadakis. In RN Thurston, AD Pierce, eds. Ultrasonic Measurement Methods. San Diego, CA Academic Press, 1990, pp 81—106. 

For the repetitive inspections the required hydrotest can only be performed for a limited number of the small cylinders, and even then the drums have to be removed from the line and the cylinders will be supported in defined distances for the weight of the water and the pressurisation. For the new and long cylinders even this is impossible, because they loose due to the additional weight of the water and the over-pressurisation their roundness and balances. Therefore the law in the most countries within and outside of the EU accept as a replacement of the hydrotest an additional application of different NDT methods, which were often done by an ultrasonic measurement of the wall thickness of the cylindrical part and a MT of the flat covers. 

This study was in real time measured that the reflective echo height of the bonding interface in the solid phase diffused bonding process of carbon steel and titanium using ultrasonic testing method. As a result, the following were made discernment. 

This report has been written in order to demonstrate the nature of spin-state transitions and to review the studies of dynamical properties of spin transition compounds, both in solution and in the solid state. Spin-state transitions are usually rapid and thus relaxation methods for the microsecond and nanosecond range have been applied. The first application of relaxation techniques to the spin equilibrium of an iron(II) complex involved Raman laser temperature-jump measurements in 1973 [28]. The more accurate ultrasonic relaxation method was first applied in 1978 [29]. These studies dealt exclusively with the spin-state dynamics in solution and were recently reviewed by Beattie [30]. A recent addition to the study of spin-state transitions both in solution and the... 

Consideration of the thermodynamics of a representative reaction coordinate reveals a number of interesting aspects of the equilibrium (Fig. 5). Because the complex is in spin equilibrium, AG° x 0. Only complexes which fulfill this condition can be studied by the Raman laser temperature-jump or ultrasonic relaxation methods, because these methods require perturbation of an equilibrium with appreciable concentrations of both species present. The photoperturbation technique does not suffer from this limitation and can be used to examine complexes with a larger driving force, i.e., AG° 0. In such cases, however, AG° is difficult to measure and will generally be unknown. 

The objectives of this chapter are to introduce the basic concepts of ultrasonic propagation in materials, to describe some of the most important methods for measuring and interpreting ultrasonic measurements, and to outline existing and possible applications of the technique in the food industry. 

Continuous wave methods are the most accurate means of making ultrasonic measurements. Even so, they are used less frequently than pulse methods because measurements are more time consuming and laborious to carry out, are more difficult to automate, and the measurement cell requires a high degree of precision engineering. These techniques therefore tend to be used in specialized research laboratories where accurate measurements are important. Continuous wave ultrasound is utilized in a variety of different techniques, but the most commonly used is the interferometer [10,11]. 

Hartmann B., "Ultrasonic Measurements", in "Methods of Experimental Physics", Fava RA (Ed), Academic Press, New York, Vol. 16C, pp 131-160,1980. 

Since the vibrational specific heat of H at this temperature is negligible, there are no ultrasonics measurements with which these results can be compared. Application of the method to gases such as Na, for which some... 

Ultrasonics is in many ways the ideal measurement method for fat crystallization studies. The ultrasonic properties of a fat are strongly sensitive to solids content and can be measured in opaque fats and through container walls. In the present work I will describe the basic physics of ultrasonic waves, their interactions with matter (particularly with semi-solid fats), and their measurement. I will then describe ultrasonic studies of fat crystallization in bulk and emulsified fats. Finally I will use some measurements of the effect of applied shear on fat crystallization as an illustration of a study that could not be easily undertaken by other methods. 

Sarvazyan, A.P., Development of Methods of Precise Ultrasonic Measurements in Small Volumes of Liquids, Ultrasonics, 1982, pp.151-154. 

Cook RK (1957) Variation of elastic constants and static strains with hydrostatic pressure a method for calculation from ultrasonic measurements. J Acoust Soc Am 29 445-449 David WIF (1992) Transformations in neutron powder diffraction. Physica B 180 181 567-574 Decker DL (1971) High-pressure equations of state forNaCl, KCl, and CsCl. J ApplPhys 42 3239-3244 Decker DL, Petersen S, Debray D, Lambert M (1979) Pressure-induced ferroelastic phase transition in Pb3(P04)2 A neutron diffraction study. Phys Rev B 19 3552-3555 Eggert JH, Xu L-W, Che R-Z, Chen L-C, Wang J-F (1992) High-pressure refractive index measurements of 4 1 methanol ethanol. J Appl Phys 72 2453-2461... 

Applications The physical principle of measurement is similar to the scanning acoustic microscopy discussed in the Section 14.23, but applications and the method of data processing are essentially different. Sonic methods were used in the following applications to filled materials the effect of particle size and surface treatment on acoustic emission of filled epoxy, longitudinal velocity measurement of tungsten filled epoxy, and in-line ultrasonic measurement of fillers during extrusion. Numerous parameters related to fillers can be characterized by this non-destructive method. 

Studies of the phase equilibria (determined by the diverse scattering methods, viz. turbidity, PICS, SAXS, SANS, by fluorescence techniques, ultrasonic measurements, etc.). 

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