Ultrasonic homogenizer

Ultra Turrax homoblender (Janke and Kunkel, VWR) or an equivalent ultrasonic homogenizer... 

Figure 6 Oil droplet size distribution of on olive oil emulsion, stabilized with hydroxy-propyl mcthylceUkiloae, after different emulsification procedures blender (triangles), ultrasonic probe (squares), and ultrasonic homogenize (stars). Theoretical distributions were calculated from Coulter Counter measurements using a software program, assuming spherical particles.

Emulsion systems can be considered a subcategory of lyophobic colloids. Like solid-liquid dispersions, their preparation requires an energy input, such as ultrasonication, homogenization, or high-speed stirring. The droplets formed are spherical, provided that the interfacial tension is positive and sufficiently large. Spontaneous emulsification may occur if a surfactant or surfactant system is present at a sufficient concentration to lower the interfacial tension almost to zero. 

This review will focus on commonly used homogenizers in the pharmaceutical industry viz. high-pressure homogenizer, rotor-stator homogenizer, microfluid-izer, and ultrasonic homogenizer. 

Biological samples. PCBs can be extracted from biological samples by using acetonitrile or cyclohexane/acetone in an ultrasonic homogenizer and pentane/ dichloromethane or hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus (23, 44-47). 

The mechanical disintegration can be described as follows the wet chitins are suspended in water at 0.1-0.3%. Several drops of acetic acid, a dilute hydrochloric acid solution, or a dilute NaOH solution are added to the chitin slurries to adjust their pH values from 3 to 8. Ultrasonication is appfied to the slurries (15 mF each) for 2 min using an ultrasonic homogenizer at 19.5 kHz and 300 W output power (7 mm probe tip diameter). The temperature increase is kept below 5 °C during the ultrasonication [37]. 

High-speed dispersing units 128 Valve homogenizers 130 Ultrasonic homogenizers 130 Extruders 132 Equipment selection 136... 

The principle of operation of an ultrasonic homogenizer is illustrated in Figure 7.15. The process material is pumped at high pressure (up to about 150 bar) through a specially designed orifice to produce a high-velocity stream over a... 

A similar technique was used for the preparation of polystyrene (PS)-Si02 nanohybrids, where colloidal silica solutions were mixed with PS solutions by means of ultrasonic homogenization [60]. Also, latex-silica nanohybrid films were synthesized upon mixing aqueous colloidal suspensions of silica and nanolatex polymer beads [61-63], Other silica-based nanohybrid systems with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) [64, 65], polyfvinyl alcohol) (PVA) [66], PS [67], polybutylacrylate [68], or PMMA [69] can be prepared by using the same suspension blending method. 

We measured the cellular protein as an index of cell injury. After 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated, the medium was aspirated and the cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and then scraped in 1 mL PBS. The cell suspension was homogenized using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The total protein in the supernatant was assayed using a Bio-Rad protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad Lab., CA, USA). 

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were immersed in a dichloromethane (DCM) solution and sonicated at room temperature for 15 min using an ultrasonic homogenizer from PALMER INSTRUMENTS, then PLDL was added to the DCM/MWCNT solution (5%PLDL solution) and sonicated at room temperature for 1 min using the same homogenizer. Dispersion conditions were chosen on the basis of our previous studies [16,17], The prepared suspensions were then poured onto a Petri dish and left to evaporate the solvent at room temperature for 24h and under vacuum for two days. In this way four kinds of samples based on the polylactide solution were prepared ... 

Ultrasonic Homogenizer, Optional—A bath-type or probe-type ultrasonic homogenizer can be used to homogenizer the test specimen. 

Vortexer, (Optional)—Vortexing the sample is an alternative to ultrasonic homogenization. 

Ultrasonic Homogenization—Place the used oil (in the sample container) into the ultrasonic bath. For very viscous oils, first heat the sample to 60 C. Leave the sample in the bath until immediately before dilution. 

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