Ultrafiltration diagram

Figure 2.42 Diagram of the region of nanofiltration membrane performance relative to reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes [74]...

Figure 6.25 Flow diagram of a feed-and-bleed ultrafiltration unit used to concentrate a...

Figure 1. Flow diagram of batch ultrafiltration process...

FIGURE 11.2 Diagram of typical flux-time dependency during cyclic operation in large-scale ultrafiltration systems. (From Koltuniewicz, A. and Noworyta, A., Indus. Eng. Chem. Res., 33, 1771, 1994.)... 

FIGURE 35.4 Process diagram of CR ultrafiltration and spiral wound nanofiltration systems at M-Real Kirkniemi paper mill. (From Kreutzman, E. and Sutela, T., Ippta J., p. 15, 2004 Courtesy of Metso Paper. With permission.)... 

The principal part of the pilot plant comprises a biological reactor (bioreactor) in whose interior the biomass is placed, and two external modules of ultrafiltration membranes placed in series. Figure 41.2 depicts a flow diagram of this pilot plant, which is described in more detail below. 

The recovery of caustic from the mercerization process is a common practice in the textile industry. Mercerizer rinse water is normally recovered when its concentration is above 2-3% and below this concentration it is discharged to waste treatment. An alternative to this procedure is to use an ultrafiltration membrane to filter caustic rinse water before the solution goes to the evaporator. A flow sheet diagram of caustic recovery solution is shown in Fig. 13-12. The clarified and concentrated solution is then ready for re-use and consumption of caustic is significantly decreased [59],... 

Addition of a Nonsolvent to a Homogeneous Polymer Solution. This technique is widely used today for the preparation of symmetric microfiltration membranes as well as for manufacturing asymmetric "skin-type" ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis membranes (7). The preparation procedure can again be rationalized with the aid of a three-component isothermic phase diagram shown schematically in Figure 3. 

Fig. 23. A line diagram of an immunoelectrophoretic analysis of nephrotic serum and urine from case IV and the proteins appearing in their ultrafiltrates through a selective nitrocellulose membrane. Arrows indicate an Og-globulin, present in high concentration in the serum and in low concentration in the ultrafiltrate and the urine, and the fi-Iipoprotein, apparently absent from the serum ultrafiltrate and the urine. The urine ultrafiltrate showed a relatively increased a -globulin concentration. From Rowe (Rl).

The results of ultrafiltration of solutions that had been allowed to precipitate reinforced this point. In each case the filtrate, which could be shown by light scattering to be free of colloids, had a higher ratio of sodium to silica than the original solution, whereas the colloids were relatively silica-rich. These results are summarised in Table II. When the filtrate composition is plotted on a diagram such as Figure 1 or Figure 9 it is... 

Fig. 6.6.2 Schemritic diagrams of different configurations of enzymatic membrane reactors (a) stirred tank reactor with enzyme immobilized or retained by a membrane (b) stirred tank reactor coupled to ultrafiltration membrane...

FIGURE 4.1 Block diagram of combined enzymatic hydrolysis and two-stage membrane separation (microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration) to remove sngars while retaining undigested biomass and enzymes. Reprinted from Andric et al. (2010b) with permission from Elsevier. 

Schematic diagram of desalination prototype using UF and NF/RO combined with solar energy. UF = ultrafiltration NF = nanofiltration ... 

Schematic diagram of the integrated membrane process for the treatment of paper mill wastewater. 1 - sedimentation tank 2 - anoxic tank 3 and 4 - aerobic tanks 5 - sludge treatment equipment. MBR = membrane bioreactor UF = ultrafiltration RO = reverse osmosis. (Adapted from Zhang eta ., 2009.)... 

Li-Hua, C., Ya-Fang, C., Shih-Yang, Y., Junghui, C. (2009). Ultrafiltration of triglyceride from biodiesel using the phase diagram of oil—FAME—MeOH. Journal of Membrane Science, 330, 156—165. 

Hemofliter. The hemofilter is another type of artificial kidney with various clinical advantages. Flow diagrams for hemofiltration and hemodialysis are shown schematically in Figure 6. In hemofiltration, the metabolites are filtered out of the blood by ultrafiltration, and replaced with Lactate Ringer s solution. In an alternative method, the Lactate Ringer s solution is fed into the blood first, and ultrafiltration follows. In hemodialysis, the metabolites are washed out with the dialysate. 

Figure 2.9. Schematic diagram of electro-ultrafiltration (adapted from Saxena et al., 2007).

The Laboratory of Dairy Technology Research of the Institut National de la Recherche (INRA) in Rennes, France, is investigating the application of these techniques for improved propionic acid production (Boyaval and Corre 1995). Colomban et al. (1993) demonstrated the production of propionic acid from whey permeate by P. acidipropionici at high cell density combined with sequential cell recycling and ultrafiltration. O Figure 3.3 is a diagram of the process employing a 5-m industrial pilot plant bioreactor. 

Diagram of an industrial scale pilot plant for production of propionic acid from whey permeate by sequential fermentation, ultrafiltration, and cell recycling (Redrawn with permission from Colomban et al. (1993))... 

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