Ubiquity

To first order, the dispersion (a-a) interaction is independent of the structure in a condensed medium and should be approximately pairwise additive. Qualitatively, this is because the dispersion interaction results from a small perturbation of electronic motions so that many such perturbations can add without serious mutual interaction. Because of this simplification and its ubiquity in colloid and surface science, dispersion forces have received the most significant attention in the past half-century. The way dispersion forces lead to long-range interactions is discussed in Section VI-3 below. Before we present this discussion, it is useful to recast the key equations in cgs/esu units and SI units in Tables VI-2 and VI-3. 

There is no official or universally accepted definition of what constitutes a "microemulsion." In fact, for several years, some leading scientists in microemulsion research considered the term to be an unnecessary and even an unfortunate one. Nevertheless (Table 1), during the years from about 1975 to 1980 the word ascended from obscurity to ubiquity. By the end of 1996 there were 13 widely available Knglish-language books (1 9) with the word "Microemulsion" in their tides (10). About 70 more books on surfactants are in print, of which those on industrial appHcations (9,11—18), and environmental effects (19—21) are of particular interest here. 

Another implicit advantage to use of spreadsheets, besides thek ubiquity and ease of use, is the fact that so many engineers and scientists already are familiar with them. Thek use then obviates the need to learn another programming language. 

The method is quite effective, but is not widely used now because of the ubiquity of digital computers. Zuman and Patel - 36. show circuit designs for some kinetic schemes. Williams and Bruice made good use of the analog computer in their study of the reduction of pyruvate by 1,5-dihydroflavin. In this simulation eight rate constants were evaluated variations in these parameters of 5% yielded discemibly poorer curve fits. 

Pedersen, P, and Car2tfoli, E., 1987. Ion-motive ATPa.ses. I. Ubiquity, propertie.s and. significance to cell function. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12 146-150. 

M = Al, Ga, In, Tl). The solution chemistry of Al in particular has been extensively investigated because of its industrial importance in water treatment plants, its use in many toiletry formulations, its possible implication in both Altzheimer s disease and the deleterious effects of acid rain, and the ubiquity of Al cooking utensils.For example, hydrated aluminium sulphate (10-30 gm ) can be added to turbid water supplies at pH 6.5-7.5 to flocculate the colloids, some 3 million tonnes per annum being used worldwide for this application alone. Likewise kilotonne amounts of A1(OH)2.5C1o.5 in concentrated (6m) aqueous solution are used in the manufacture of deodorants and antiperspirants. 

Heteroatom fullerene-type clusters — The possibility of incorporation of hetero atoms into C clusters has excited the attention of both theoreticians and experimentalists since the earliest days of fullerene chemistry, particularly in view of the known stability and ubiquity of organic heterocycles. The structural relationship between Ceo and /3-rhombohedral boron has already been alluded to (p. 142). 

Marmor MD, Yarden Y (2004) Role of protein ubiquity la-tion in regulating endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases. Oncogene 23 2057-2070... 

Some typical stability constant data are presented in Fig. 8-14, whilst Fig. 8-15 shows some biological manifestations that illustrate the ubiquity of the effect. The sequence is known as the Irving-Williams series. 

Numerous studies confirmed ubiquity of several antibiotics (i.e., ofloxacin, trimethoprim, roxythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole) in sewage influent, though at low ng level [8, 13, 14]. However, even at very low concentrations they can have significant ecotoxicological effects in the aquatic and terrestrial compartment [15, 16]. Indiscriminate or excessive use of antibiotics has been widely blamed for the appearance of so-called super-bugs that are antibiotic-resistant. It is of crucial importance to control their emissions into the environment through more cautious utilization and monitoring outbreaks of dmg-resistant infections. 

Many authors reported poor elimination of antiepileptic drug carbamazepine [6,13,17,49, 54]. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that only 1-2% of carbamazepine is excreted unmetabolized. However, glucuronide conjugates of carbamazepine can presumably be cleaved in the sewage, and thus increase its environmental concentrations [51]. This is confirmed by its high ubiquity in the enviromnent at concentration levels of several hundred nanograms per liter in different surface waters. Due to its recalcitrant nature, it can be used as anthropogeiuc marker for the contamination of aquatic environment. 

Coates JD, KA Cole, R Chakraborty, SM O Connor, LA Achenbach (2002) Diversity and ubiquity of bacteria capable of utilizing humic substances as electron donors for anaerobic respiration. Appl Environ Microbiol 68 2445-2452. 

Coates JD, U Michaelidou, RA Bruce, SM O Connor, JN Crespi, LA Achenbach (1999) Ubiquity and diversity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 5234-5241. 

Williams PA, MJ Worsey (1976) Ubiquity of plasmids in coding for toluene and xylene metabolism in soil bacteria evidence for the existence of new TOL plasmids. J Bacteriol 125 818-828. 

Although precise ages generally cannot be deduced from U-series data on single silicate volcanic samples (because of the unknown initial value of the (N2/N1) activity ratio) it was nevertheless very significant to discover the ubiquity of °Th- U disequilibria (constraining the transfer time of the magmas to less than 350 ka), and later on... 

The ubiquity of groundwater ( " U/ U) ratios above the equilibrium value attests to the widespread operation of preferential release processes in aquifers. Since the U isotopes are long-lived, the concentrations cannot be assumed to be in steady state, adding difficulties to unravelling the causes of U isotopic variations. However, U... 

Ubiquity— Some are widely distributed others are found in isolated locations, isolated times, or both. 

Tompkins A (2002) A prognostic parameterization for the subgrid-scale variability of water vapor and clouds in large-scale models and its use to diagnose cloud cover. J Atmos Sci 59 1917-1942 Turusov V, Rakitsky V, Tomatis L (2002) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ubiquity, persistence, and risks. Environmental Health Perspectives 101 125-128 UNEP (2001) Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. http //chmpopsint/... 

Recent advances in the use of Lawesson s reagent include its application in microwave assisted solvent-free syntheses, solid-phase synthesis and combinatorial chemistry.165 Despite the ubiquity of Lawesson s reagent for organic thionation reactions, there are still some classes of compounds that it does not... 

Forsyth and coworkers116 postulated that the ubiquity of trimethyllead in ducks can be accounted for if the methylation of Pb2+ was environmentally mediated. 

This cascade in research is reflected in the increasing amount of literature published each year on the biochemical behavior of the lithium ion and the aim of this article is to bring together much of this information, emphasizing the ubiquity of this small, apparently nonessential, metal cation in biology. 

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