Typical System Block Diagram

Figure 2.11. (a) Example of a feedback system block diagram (b) Typical reduced block diagrams. 

A typical functional block diagram (refer Fig. VIII/1.4 2 for explanation of functional block) for a simple pressure transmitter (courtesy ABB) is presented in Fig. VIII/2.0 1. Here, it is shown how even in a simple pressure transducer the characteristics are attached to each block and these are connected to the output via the software system. This simple example has heen chosen to show the role of hardware and software and their interrelationship in PE. 

Figure 6.48 Typical block diagram of a large slip recovery system using IGBTs or thyristors...

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of a typical HPLC system.

Figure 2.2.3 shows a typical block diagram for a compact MRI system. The square box surrounded by the dotted lines shows the electrical sub-system, which is stored in a single portable rack as shown in Figure 2.2.2. The electrical sub-system is thus often called the (portable) MRI console. In accord with Figure 2.2.3, an MR image acquisition process is described as follows.

Figure 2.2.11 shows a typical block diagram of the MRI transceiver used for the compact MRI system. The waveform generator can be replaced by the DA converter on the DSP board described in the previous section. Because the typical input/ output power level for the transmitter and from the preamplifier is about 1 mW, a commercially available transmitter and preamplifier are directly connected. 

In Figure 8.12, the basic set-up of an ICP-MS instrument is presented as a block diagram, consisting of a sample introduction system, the inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) and the mass-specific detector. By far the most commonly applied sample introduction technique is a pneumatic nebuliser, in which a stream of argon (typically 1 I.min ), expanding with high... 

Figure 9 shows a typical application of a block diagram to identify the operation of a temperature control system for lubricating oil. (A) in Figure 9 shows a schematic diagram of the lube oil cooler and its associated temperature control system. 

Large metabolic charts have been designed to display all the major biochemical pathways. Such charts present a bewildering array of interconnected pathways, making it difficult to appreciate relationships between different pathways. The overall operational aspects of metabolism may be clarified by simpler block diagrams that omit details and focus on functional relationships. Such a functional block diagram for a typical heterotrophic aerobic cell is shown in figure 11.4. The metabolism of such a system is symbolized by two functional blocks ... 

Block Diagram of a Typical Chromatography Data Acquisition System... 

Figure 12.4. Block diagram of a modem NMR spectrometer. These systems use superconducting magnets that are based on a solenoid of a suitable alloy (e.g., niobium/titanium or niobium/tin) immersed in a dewar of liquid helium. The extremely low temperature of the magnet itself (4.2 K) is well insulated from the sample chamber in the center of the magnet bore. The probe in which the sample is housed usually incorporates accurate temperature control over the range typically of 4 to 40°C for biological samples. The rf coil in the probe is connected in turn to a preamplifier, receiver circuitry, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a computer for data collection.

A block diagram of a typical molecular-mass spectrometer is shown in Figure 31-10. Sample molecules enter the mass spectrometer through an inlet system. In the case of GC, the sample is in the form of a vapor, and the inlet must interface between the atmospheric pressure GC system and the low-pressure (10 to 10 torn) mass spectrometer system. An elaborate vacuum system is needed to maintain the low pressure. In the mass spectrometer, sample molecules enter an ionization source, which ionizes the sample. The ionization sources for molecular mass spec-... 

FIGURE 8.26 Block diagram of a typical expert flow system. Fluid propulsion, sample handling, detection = units of the flow analyser (Chapter 6) S, C, 2R = sample, carrier, reagents solutions (inlet represented by the empty arrow) arrows = computer/unit interactions. For details, see text. 

Figure 8 is a block diagram of a typical two-electrode configuration for making microelectrode measurements where the function generator and recorder could, of course, be replaced by a microcomputer with appropriate interfaces. To minimize noise, the cell is mounted in a Faraday cage and cables are kept as short as possible. Using a system of this type, noise-free measurements of steady-state currents as small as 10 12 A have been made... 

Fig. 6.1-13 is the block diagram of a typical compaction/granulation system. Right away it should be mentioned that the advantage of this technique of granulating powders is that any product size and distribution can be obtained. The final quality only depends on the crusher(s) and the sizing method(s) used. In this connection the discussion of Section 6.1 must be considered. A disadvantage is that always fines are also... 

In addition to this, the use of computing technique makes possible not only the continuous following of air pollution conditions, but also automatic use of correcting and safety procedures. Figure 5.27 is a block diagram of the flow of data in a typical atmosphere protection system. 

Figure 3-4. Examples of photon-counting system. Top typical block diagram [40, reprinted with permission, 1979 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers]. Bottom a sophisticated cell system to measure the absolute intensity [41, reprinted with permission, 1996 American Chemical Society] (PMT photo-multiplier).

The accuracy and precision of the experimental measurement is, of course, important to both kinetic-based and equilibrium-based analytical methods. However, a few special factors—instrumental and experimental—are of critical importance in kinetic-based techniques these are discussed below. The block diagram of a typical ratemeasuring system is shown in Figure 18.9. 

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