Types of Organic Pollutants

The main objectives of this chapter are (1) to review the different toxic organic pollutants present in both liquid and solid (i.e., sediment, soil, suspended matter and biosolids as bacteria, plankton, etc.) phase environments as well as complex organic mixture (COM) leachates from solid waste materials of landfills and disposal sites (2) to summarize the most recent analyses of these MM pollutants and (3) to discuss the optimum instrumental analytical methods for organic pollutant characterization. 

It is intended that the review of the different aspects and goals in this chapter provides an up-to-date background for the succeeding chapters in this volume. This will clarify the discussions about the different interaction mechanisms between organic pollutants and various solid phases, their chemistry, and applicable modeling techniques that are presented in the subsequent chapters. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, a diverse suite of compounds, are an important lipid fraction which is either natural (i. e., from photosynthesis by marine biota inhabiting the surface waters or by terrestrial vascular plants) or anthropogenic (i. e., of petroleum origin from land runoff, and/or industrial inputs). Aliphatic hydrocarbons have been studied and characterized from various environmental multimedia [1,53-56,99-109]. 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons of petroleum origin (Fig. 1) (also coal) in the environment are usually composed of  

Homologous long chain -alkane series ranging from C15 to C38 with no carbon number predominance [ 1,53 - 55,73,109 -114] 

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WTiy is 02 a more selective photooxidant than HO With what type of organic pollutants does 02 primarily react ... 

The use of HPLC technique for analyzing various types of organic pollutants or its potential application is highlighted in Table 1.10.1. 

We shall now proceed to discuss laboratory-scale experiments related to the destruction of dilferent types of organic pollutants with significant environmental applications. 

Herftnann J. M., 1999, Heterogeneous photocatalysis fundamentals and applications to the removai of various types of organic pollutants. Catal. Today. 53 115-129. 

Organic Pollutants in Water, Direct Electrochemical Oxidation Using Pb02, Table 1 Summarized results related to recent applications of Pb02 electrodes in the electrochemical treatment of several types of organic pollutants ... 

The potential application of Pb02 electrodes for the electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing different types of organic pollutants is indicated by many instances reported since 2007, as summarized in Table 1. Other results related to Pb02 anodes, as well as to other electrode materials, can be found in some reviews [4,46,47]. 

Each type of technique can be applied in several modifications. Microbiological degradation processes offer the possibility to purify wastewater streams which contain a wide range of organic pollutants. In contrast, physical/chemical techniques are much more specific. The quality of the purified water regarding residual amounts of soluble organic pollutants, and colloidal and suspended particle pollutants, strongly depends on the type of treatment process and the applied treatment conditions. Very often a combination of different types of treatment techniques is necessary to satisfy the effluent quality required (for example a combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment). 

This section focuses on (1) a discussion of the overall process of biodegradation, (2) a review of the different types, aspects and phases of biodegradation of several classes of organic pollutants, (3) an examination of the environmental factors affecting biodegradation and biotransformation mechanisms, and (4) a description of the different biodegradation and biotransformation pathways. 

The following section discusses the different types and phases of microbial degradation of organic pollutants present at aqueous-solid phase interfaces. This includes a discussion of growth-linked biodegradation, acclimation, detoxification, activation, defusing, threshold, and co-metabolism. 

A wide range of organic pollutants can be adsorbed by MFl, Y and mixtures of the two structure types. In the VOC application fixed beds are comparatively few with most VOC adsorption being done by rotary adsorbers such as are built and sold by Seibu Giken. A few words about rotary adsorption applications follow in Section 9.7. 

In the following discussion, three types of air pollutant analytical data will be examined using principal component analysis and the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) procedure. A set of Interlaboratory comparison data from X-ray emission trace element analysis, data from a comparison of two methods for determining lead In gasoline, and results from gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis for volatile organic compounds In ambient air will be used as Illustrations. 

From a remediation perspective, three types of organisms are important Bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya, archaea and bacteria arc microscopic and lack nuclei. Eukarya organisms have nuclei. The primary actors on carbon-based pollutants are Bacteria, but Eukarya also have roles. 

The second type of stereoisomerism encompasses all other cases in which the three-dimensional structures of two isomers exhibiting the same connectivity among the atoms are not superimposable. Such stereoisomers are referred to as diastereomers. Diastereomers may arise due to different structural factors. One possibility is the presence of more than one chiral moiety. For example, many natural products contain 2 to 10 asymmetric centers per molecule, and molecules of compound classes such as polysaccharides and proteins contain hundreds. Thus, organisms may build large molecules that exhibit highly stereoselective sites, which are important for many biochemical reactions including the transformation of organic pollutants. 

What is meant by the terms indirect photolysis and sensitized photolysis What types of reactions does indirect photolysis of organic pollutants include in natural waters in the atmosphere ... 

Why is it difficult to quantify DOM-mediated photolysis of organic pollutants What type of reactions do 3DOM species undergo with organic chemicals ... 

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