Two experimental setup

The R D program included two experimental setups both demonstrating helium as a closed-loop Brayton cycle working fluid [44] ... 

The principles of two experimental setups are described in this section. In Sect. 2.1.1 the setup for the real-time MPI experiments is introduced. With this setup, the investigations discussed in Chaps. 3 and 4 were carried out. The experimental basics are concluded with a brief description (Sect. 2.1.2) of the setup used for the real-time studies of charge reversal processes discussed later in Chap. 5. 

In this section, we will consider only solutions in which the liquid component has the majority mole fraction (the solvent) and the solid component has the minority mole fraction (the solute). We will also assume that the solid solute is non-ionic, because the presence of oppositely charged ions in solution affects the properties of the solution (which will be considered in the next chapter). There is also a consideration that is implicit in specifying a solid component It contributes nothing to the vapor phase that is in equilibrium with the solution. One way of speaking of this is to state that the solid is a nonvolatile component. Solutions of this sort are therefore easy to separate by simple distillation of the only volatile component, the solvent, rather than the more complicated fractional distillation. Figure 7.20 shows two experimental setups for simple distillation. Compare these to Figure 7.9. 

In order to investigate droplet collisions of viscous liquids, two experimental setups were constmcted, and droplet collisions with liquids of a wide range of viscosity from 1 to 729 mPa s were realized. Innovative instruments were developed, collision maps based on new experimental data were established, and models for droplet collision outcomes were improved significantly. Additionally, collisions of droplets of different viscosities were analyzed, and the phenomena of penetration and encapsulation were reported. 

For example in paint shops, TCE evaporates and causes air pollution. The contaminated air has 250 ppm TCE in it and this can be fed to a moving bed reactor at 300°C that is charged with OXITOX (Chovan et al, 1997) The kinetics must be studied experimentally. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 4.5.1 and the following description explains the recommended procedure. In the experimental unit shown, the feed is contained under pressure in a gas cylinder. Two percent of the feed is saturated by TCE and diluted with the rest of the feed. The rate is calculated as ... 

Figure 10-2. Experimental setup for pump and probe measurements. Two femtosecond pulses are focused onto the same spot of the sample. The pump pulse-induced changes A7/T0 of the normalized transmission of the probe pulse are measured as a function of the time delay between the two pulses.

A typical experimental setup for NEMCA studies is shown in Figs. 4.1 and 4.2. Two types of catalytic-electrocatalytic reactors can be used ... 

The experimental setup used for the first bipolar or wireless NEMCA study is shown in Figure 12.6.8 An YSZ disc with two terminal Au electrodes and one Pt catalyst film deposited on one side and a reference Au electrode on the other side is placed in a single-chamber reactor. Ethylene oxidation on the Pt catalyst film was chosen as a model reaction.8... 

Aldiough the van der Waals interaction is not a two-center bond interaction in diis experimental setup, the cal-... 

The stirred batch reactors are easy to operate and their configurations avoid temperature and concentration gradient (Table 5). These reactors are useful for hydrolysis reactions proceeding very slowly. After the end of the batch reaction, separation of the powdered enzyme support and the product from the reaction mixture can be accomplished by a simple centrifugation and/or filtration. Roffler et al. [114] investigated two-phase biocatalysis and described stirred-tank reactor coupled to a settler for extraction of product with direct solvent addition. This basic experimental setup can lead to a rather stable emulsion that needs a long settling time. 

Fig. 2.5.6 Schematic of the experimental setup used to monitor reaction kinetics with a multiple microcoil system. Two syringes on the pump inject the reactants into two capillaries. The reactants are mixed rapidly with a Y-mixer. After mixin g, the solution flows through the...

For the remaining of this chapter we will first describe the basic concept of this new technique, the details of our experimental setup, and the way to invert the measured data directly to the desired center-of-mass differential cross-section. Two types of applications will then be highlighted to illustrate the power of this exceedingly simple technique. We will conclude the chapter by comparing the technique with other contemporary modern techniques. 

There are two general types of experimental setup commonly used for the determination of photochemical quantum yields. The more elaborate of the two is the optical bench. A diagram of an optical bench with a good geometry is shown in Figure 2.21. 

A 2D experimental setup is composed of two independent HPLC systems that are connected to each other by an electrically (or pneumatically)-driven fraction transfer device. Typically, in the first dimension a detector is not used. In the case of an off-line system after the first dimension a fraction collector is used. The most efficient way to connect the first and second dimensions is to use an automatic fraction transfer valve (Kilz, 1992 Kilzetal., 1993,1995). A schematic presentation of a 2DLC experimental setup is shown in Fig. 17.3. 

All experimental setups described in the literature for the separation of homogeneous catalysts by membrane filtration technology can be divided into two general classes Dead-end filtration and cross-flow filtration. The first type of unit is characterized by a product flow perpendicular to the surface of the membrane, while the flow in the case of cross-flow filtration is parallel to the membrane surface (see Figure 4.1). 

Figure 6. Comparison of experimental and calculated data (wall surface temperatures and downward flame spread) in two different experimental setups. Continued on next page.

The experimental setup was virtually identical to that depicted in Fig. 3.11 with two broadband superluminescent diodes (2 mW) operating at 1,310 and 1,550 nm, respectively, and an optical spectrum analyzer for transmitted spectrum monitoring with a resolution of 0.05 nm. A holder similar to that used for the deposition was used to host the coated LPG allowing also the conveying of pure distilled water or polluted water as the case. The temperature was held constant at 20°C. 

Fig. 5.5 Experimental setup. The diode laser is frequency scanned by one waveform generator, while the other controls the modulation. The light couples from a tapered fiber into and back out of microsphere WGMs, and the throughput is detected. A polarizing beamsplitter (PBS) separates throughput of the two polarizations. A diode pumped solid state laser can be used as an external heat source for the microsphere, and the vacuum chamber allows control over the ambient pressure. Reprinted from Ref. 5 with permission. 2008 International Society for Optical Engineering...

An experimental procedure carried out under changing aerobic and anaerobic conditions in an experimental setup according to an OUR experiment has been developed (Tanaka and Hvitved-Jacobsen, 1998). The principle for the determination of the formation rate of Ss under anaerobic conditions is based on a comparison between two OUR experiments that are performed on the same wastewater sample. One is a normal OUR experiment (cf. Section 7.1.3). The other is carried out with one or two anaerobic periods of the duration of a few hours during the OUR experiment. The result of such experiments that are performed in parallel is shown in Figure 7.13. As can be interpreted by comparing the Ss consumed in the two experiments (cf. Section 7.2.2) the difference in... 

Figure 6.9. Schematic of optical arrangement (top) and experimental setup (bottom) of two reference beam holography for recording images of a deforming droplet at different stages of spreading. (Reprinted from Ref. 368.)...

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