Tungsten incandescent lamp

Fig. 11. Energy distributions of CIE standard illuminant A, a tungsten incandescent lamp a cool white fluorescent lamp E and CIE standard illuminant...

Triphenodioxazines 411 Triphosphate (cyclic) 172 Tripolyphoqjhate 172 Trisacchaiic 331 Triterpene 70,206,210,211,430 -, alcohols 404 -, derivatives 43 -, glycosides 62 Triton X-100 108 Trough chambers 125 Tryptamine 76, 98,254, 364 Tryptophan 76,246, 364 Tungsten cations 398 Tungsten incandescent lamp 21,22 Twin-trough chamber 87,126 T)framine 355... 

Deuterium lamps are commonly used as a UV radiation source in the range 200-400 nm and tungsten incandescent lamps as sonrces for the visible and NIR regions covering the range 400-2500 nm. For the NIR work, the sonrce is operated at 2500-3000 K, which results in more intense radiation. 

The evolution in performance of visible LED materials with time is shown in Fig. 14 along with the performance of unfiltered incandescent lamps for comparison. Over the last 35 years LEDs have improved in performance to the point where the best LEDs have a higher luminous efficiency than tungsten incandescent lamps. 

In the region beyond 5000 em (2 pm), blackbody sourees without envelopes are commonly used. The same spectral characteristics cited for the tungsten incandescent lamp apply to these as well. Unfortunately, the emission maximum lies in the near infrared. A fraetion of the shorter wavelength radiation is present as stray light, whieh is particularly serious for long-wavelength measurements. 

Incandescent Lamps, Electronic Tubes, and Resistance Elements. Articles fashioned in any form from molybdenum and tungsten usually fall within the bounds of powder metallurgy. These metals normally are first produced as a powder. Both molybdenum and tungsten are used as targets in x-ray tubes, for stmctural shapes such as lead and grid wires in electron tubes, and as resistance elements in furnaces. 

Tungsten with the addition of as much as 5% thoria is used for thermionic emission cathode wires and as filaments for vibration-resistant incandescent lamps. Tungsten—rhenium alloys are employed as heating elements and thermocouples. Tantalum and niobium form continuous soHd solutions with tungsten. Iron and nickel are used as ahoy agents for specialized appHcations. 

Clearly, standardized light sources are desirable for color matching, particularly in view of the phenomenon of illuminant metamerism described below. Over the years CIE has defined several standard illuminants, some of which can be closely approximated by practical sources. In 1931 there was Source A, defined as a tungsten filament incandescent lamp at a color temperature of 2854 K. Sources B and C used filtering of A to simulate noon sunlight and north sky daylight, respectively. Subsequently a series of D illuminants was estabUshed to better represent natural daylight. Of these the most important is Illuminant E). ... 

AMD 1 Incandescent lamps - Safety specifications. Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes (AMD 9115) dated January 1998. Superseded by BS EN 60432-1 2000, but remains cuiTcnt... 

Lamp types (a) incandescent and tungsten-halogen lamp shapes (b) fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamp shapes (c) typical high-pressure sodium lamp (d) typical metal halide lamp. 

In the continuous wave (CW) experimental setup a sample is constantly illuminated by a probe beam and the steady state change in the transmission is detected (see Fig. 7-1). An argon ion laser has been used to generate the pump beam and the probe beam was from an incandescent lamp (tungsten or others), producing a broad spectrum (0.5 to 5 pm) [6]. Both pump and probe beams are directed onto the sample film and the transmitted probe light is collected, filtered through a monochromator, and detected by a photodetector. Both the pump and the probe... 

Uranium dioxide occcurs in nature as mineral uraninite. It is used in nuclear fuel rods for reactors. Also it is used in large incandescent lamps for photography or motion pictures and is connected to the tungsten filaments to prevent sudden surges of current. 

The first commercial use of tantalum was as filaments in incandescent lamps but it was soon displaced by tungsten. Tantalum is used in chemical industry equipment for reaction vessels and heat exchangers in corrosive environments. It is usually the metal of choice for heating elements and shields in high temperature vacuum sintering furnaces. In 1994, over 72% of the tantalum produced in the world went into the manufacturing of over 10 x 109 solid tantalum capacitors for use in the most demanding electronic applications. 

Two light sources are commonly used in this spectral domain. An incandescent lamp made from a tungsten filament housed in a glass envelope is used for the Visible... 

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