Tumor necrosis, production

Fig. 14 Effect of the molecular weight of tamarind seed xyloglucan depolymerized by ( ) 7-irradiation, ( ) ultrasonication, and ( ) endo-glucanase treatment on the production of various cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor a, TNE-a Interleukin 8, IL-8 Interleukin 10, IL-10 and Interleukin 12, IL-12) in HaCaT cells (Immortalized keratinocytes line) [301]...

Fig. 4.4 Simplified hypothesis of the mechanism of gpI20-induced dorsal root gangUon (DRG) neurotoxicity. CXCR4 binding on Schwann cells by SDF-Ia or gpI20 results in the release of RANTES, which induces tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a production by DRG neurons, and subsequent TNFRl-mediated neurotoxicity in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc. (Keswani et al. 2003b)...

Ahn SY, Cho CH, Park KG, Lee HI, Lee S, Park SK, Lee IK, Koh GY (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces fractaUdne expression preferentially in arterial endothelial cells and mithramycin A suppresses TNF-alpha-induced fractaUdne expression. Am J Pathol 164 1663-1672 Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M (1999) The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains, [see comments]. J Exp Med 190 597-605 Ambrosini E, Alois F (2004) Chemokines and glial cells a complex network in the central nervous system. [Review] [239 refs]. Neurochem Res 29 1017-1038 Azuma Y, Ohura K (2002) Endomorphins 1 and 2 inhibit IL-10 and IL-12 production and innate immune functions, and potentiate NE-kappaB DNA binding in THP-1 differentiated to macrophagelike cells. Scand J Immunol 56 260-269... 

Luo Y, Berman MA, Abromson-Leeman SR, Dorf ME (2003) Tumor necrosis factor is required for RANTES-induced astrocyte monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. Glia 43 119-127 Machelska H, Stein C (2006) Leukocyte-derived opioid peptides and inhibition of pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 1 90-97... 

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes are attracted to the area, and monocytes are converted to macrophages.18,19 The macrophages then stimulate additional prostaglandin production. Phagocytic cells and other players in the immune system release cytokines, including interleukins, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor. 

A2. Aderka, D., Le, J., and Vilcek, J., IL-6 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in cultured human monocytes U937 cells, and in mice. J. Immunol. 143, 3517-352) (1989). 

D3. Danenberg, H. D., Alpert, G., Lustig, S., and Ben-Nathan, D., Dehydroepiandrosterone protects mice from endotoxin toxicity and reduces tumor necrosis factor production. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36,2275-2279 (1992). 

P16. van der Poll, T., Coyle, S. M., Barbosa, K., Braxton, C. C., and Lowry, S. F., Epinephrine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha and potentiates interleukin-10 production during human en-dotoxemia. J. Clin. Invest. 97,713-719 (1996). 

Shalaby, M. R., Waage, A., Aarden, L. A., and Espevik, T., Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 induce interleukin 6 production in vivo. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 53,448-498(1989). 

The ability of natural products to inhibition of topoisomerase and precipitate apoptosis mentioned in this chapter are two abilities among several others, of which inhibition of microtubule formation, inhibition of DNA polymerase, protein kinases, protein phosphatase and aromatase, and the use of cytokines, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor and yet uncovered cellular targets. 

Compounds 674-676 are potent orally bioavailable inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) production <2004BML4267, 2004JME2724>. 

MK2 (also termed MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2, MAPKAP-K2) is activated by p38 MAP kinase a// (Kotlyarov et al, 2002 Roux and Blenis, 2004). MK2 plays a key role in the control of the production of certain cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor a. MK2 does so by phosphorylating proteins that bind specifically to the regulatory regions in the S untranslated regions (UTRs) of such mRNAs (Hitti et al, 2006). These regions contain AU-rich elements (AREs) to which proteins such as HnRNP A1 also bind. 

Seydel KB, Zhang T, Champion GA, Fichten-baum C, Swanson PE, Tzipori S, Griffiths JK, Stanley SL Jr Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal xenograils in SCID mice induces production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8. Infect Immun 1998 66 2379-2382. 

Mammalian cell suspension cultures are the preferred choice for large-scale recombinant protein production in stirred-tank bioreactors. The most widely used systems are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and the murine myeloma fines NSO and SP2/0. In half of the biological license approvals from 1996-2000, CHO cells were used for the production of monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant glycosylated proteins, including tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and an IgGl fusion with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, the latter marketed as Enbrel [7]. 

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