Tumor compression

Physical/mechanical (e.g., tumor compressing intestinal lumen) Functional (e.g., postoperative ileus)... 

The patient may complain of symptoms related to local effects of the prolactin-secreting tumor, such as headache and visual disturbances, that result from tumor compression of the optic chiasm. 

Venous thrombosis of large veins in cancer patients is usually caused by tumor compression. Procoagulant... 

Fig. 5.4a-c. A 74-year-old patient with mediastinal spread from bronchogenic carcinoma. The patient complains of superior vena cava obstruction symptoms, a Phlebography of the left upper limb shows narrowing at the confluence of the left innominate vein and the superior vena cava (arrowhead). Moderate reflux of contrast in mediastinal veins, b Phlebography of the right upper limb shows external compression of the superior vena cava by mediastinal tumor below the confluence of the innominate veins (arrow), c Cavography after placement of a Wallstent endoprosthesis (12 mm, 5 cm) demonstrates normal expansion of the superior vena cave at the site of tumor compression... 

The hepatic veins are stented before the IVC. In exceptional circumstances, a transhepatic approach can be used to stent a hepatic vein stenosis, when ascites have developed in a pseudo Budd-Chiari syndrome by malignant tumor compression (Fig. 5.9). 

The oldest study describing the use of Wallstents is from Rousseau and colleagues (1993). The group from Toulouse treated five patients with mahgnant tumoral compression. All patients experienced improvement of their dyspnea and survived for a mean of 3 months. 

Loss of other hormonal functions (i.e., LH, FSH, TSH, and ACTH) caused by massive tumor size compressing the anterior pituitary lobe. 

Pan W., Kastin A. J., Bell R. L., and Olson R. D. (1999). Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor a transport across the blood-brain barrier after acute compressive spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 19 3649-3655. 

A 42-year-old Spanish man took cabergoline (up to 3 mg/day) for a large prolactinoma causing hypopituitarism and symptomatic chiasmal compression (112). After 18 months there was only a minimal tumor remnant on the floor of the sella turcica, but there was chiasmal herniation. However, there were no clinical effects of this, and in particular the visual fields were normal. 

Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage is very rare. It is caused by a vascular malformation, hemostatic failure, coarctation of the aorta, inflammatory vascular disease, mycotic aneurysm or a vascular tumor such as ependymoma. Accumulating hematoma may compress the spinal cord. Suspicion is aroused if the cerebral angiogram is negative and the patient develops spinal cord signs. 

Unlike blepharospasm, the origins of hemifacial spasm are much better understood. Hemifecial spasm may occasionally be familial. In most instances, however, the spasm results from microvascular compression or irritation of the facial nerve by an aberrant artery of abnormal vasculature in the posterior fossa or from a cerebellopontine tumor. 

Transient increase in bone pain transient increase in tumor mass, resulting in ureteral obstruction and/or spinal cord compression in patients with metastatic prostate cancer hot flashes hematuria Nausea and vomiting... 

A high interstitial pressure in the tumor combined with additional edema due to leakage of increased intracellular sodium after permeabihzation, leading to further compression of the already collapsed tumor capillaries. 

---