Tubulointerstitial disease

Generalized distal nephron dysfunction (type IV) Mineralocorticoid deficiency or resistance Tubulointerstitial disease Drug-induced hyperkalemia... 

Tubulointerstitial disease Acute allergic interstitial nephritis Pamidronate Nephrocalcinosis... 

Emeigh Hart SG, Kinter LP (2005) Assessing Renal Effects of Toxicants in vivo. In Tarloff JB, Lash LH (eds) Toxicology of the Kidney, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 81-147 Finco DR (1997) Kidney function. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 6th edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 441—485 Futrakul P, Yenrudi S, Futrakul N et al. (1999) Tubular function and tubulointerstitial disease. Am J Kidney Dis 33 886-891... 

Ciclosporin can cause tubulointerstitial lesions, the pathogenesis of which is unclear. In 37 patients, the duration of ciclosporin treatment and of heavy proteinuria were independent risk factors for ciclosporin-induced tubulointerstitial disease (144). 

Markowitz GS, Perazella MA. Drug induced renal failure a focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta 2005 351 31-47... 

Bennett WM, Elzinga LW, Porter GA. Tubulointerstitial disease and toxic nephropathy. In The kidney. Brenner BM, Rector FC Jr (editors). WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1991 p 1430-1496. 

Extensive expression of KlM-1 has been found in proximal tubule cells in biopsies from patients with acute tubular necrosis [302]. KlM-1 is also expressed in other conditions where proximal tubules are dedifferentiated, including renal cell carcinoma [303, 304], chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity [305], a protein-overload model of tubulointerstitial disease [306], polycystic kidney disease [307], and contrast nephropathy. In several chronic conditions, KlM-1 has been found primarily expressed at the luminal side of dedifferentiated proximal tubules, in areas with fibrosis and inflammation. Independent of the specific disease, renal KIM-1 correlated positively with the extent of renal damage and negatively with renal function. In these patients, urinary levels of KIM-1 were and correlated positively with tissue KIM-1 and negatively with renal function. Thus, KIM-1 is upregulated in renal disease and is associated with renal fibrosis and inflammation. Urinary KIM-1 is also associated with inflammation and renal function, and reflects tissue KIM-1. 

Markowitz GS, Perazella MA Drug-induced renal failure a focus on tubulointerstitial disease. Clin Chim Acta 2005 351 31-47. Spanou Z, Keller M, Britschgi M, Yawalkar N, Fehr , Neuweiler , Gugger M, Mohaupt M, Pichler W Involvement of drug-specific cells in acute drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Am Soc Nephrol 2006 17 2919-27. 

Balkan (or endemic) nephropathy is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease of unknown, presumably exotoxic etiology. It has been shown to exist only in some parts of the southeastern Europe. 

Recently similarity of Balkan nephropathy and nephropathy induced by Chinese herbs used in slimming diets have been suggested [48]. Nevertheless, Chinese herb nephropathy is rapid progressive tubulointerstitial diseases with pronounced fibrosis and progression towards end-stage renal disease within few years, clearly different from the protracted clinical course of Balkan nephropathy. 

So far, laboratory studies have failed to detect any disorder as a specific marker for early detection of the disease or a reliable indicator for differential diagnosis. Laboratory studies have confirmed that Balkan nephropathy is a tubulointerstitial disease so that tubular disorders precede impairment of glomerular... 

Selective Aldosterone Deficiency (Type IV RTA). In type IV RTA, there is failure of distal potassium and hydrogen ion secretion because of aldosterone deficiency or resistance. This may occur because of a range of steroid or steroid receptor synthetic defects or because of hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism (e.g., due to diabetic nephropathy, tubulointerstitial disease, urinary obstruction, renal transplantation, or SLE). Hyperkalemia, although mild, is a usual manifestation. 

Tubular epithelial cell damage Tubulointerstitial disease... 

Balkan nephropathy is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease with occult, insidious onset, usually progressing slowly without apparent signs and symptoms. After a long asymptomatic period, the disease is manifested as chronic renal failure. Less commonly blunt lumbar pain or renal coHc may develop or, occasionally, dysuiic symptoms induced by urinary tract infection. If hematuria exists, urothelial tumor should be suspected. In an advanced case polyuria and nocturia are present due to impaired concentrating ability of the kidneys. The disease is tolerated well and the patients preserve their working ability until advanced stages of renal failure [18, 74,86, 87]. 

So far, laboratory studies have failed to detect any disorder as a specific marker for early detection of the disease or a reliable indicator for differential diagnosis. Laboratory studies have confirmed that Balkan nephropathy is a tubulointerstitial disease so that tubular disorders precede impairment of glomerular filtration. Although anemia is one of the criteria for the diagnosis of the disease, it has not been evidenced that pathogenesis and features of this anemia differ from that observed in other chronic renal diseases. It is only more severe in end-stage Balkan nephropathy patients than in patients with other kidney diseases. 

Braden GL, O Shea MH, Mulhem JG (2005) Tubulointerstitial diseases. Am J Kidney Dis... 

In humans and dogs, the renal tubules and intersti-tium are related in such a way that significant injury to one results in a reaction in the other for this reason, the terms "tubulointerstitial disease" and "chronic interstitial nephritis" are often applied to lesions found in the kidneys of these species (Khan et al., 2013). The latter term acknowledges the fact that, in advanced... 

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