2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene , energy release

A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate. Nuclear reactors are used for many purposes, but the most significant current uses are for the generation of electrical power and for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. Currently, all commercial nuclear reactors are based on nuclear fission. The amount of energy released by one kg 235U is equal to the energy from the combustion of 3000 tons of coal or the energy from an explosion of 20,000 tons of TNT (Trinitrotoluene, called commonly dynamite). 

In either case, the reaction is exothermic and the energy released by the reaction is partially converted to work. Decomposition reactions occur in materials such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and nitroglycerine. The molecules of these materials contain oxygen. When the molecule decomposes, the products are... 

The energy released from a nuclear explosion is measured in units of kilotonnes (kt) of trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalent, defined to be lO cal, i.e. 4.184x10 joules of explosive energy. The explosive yield of all tests at the CEP site (atmospheric and underground) was equivalent to about 13 000 kt about 10 000 kt from atmospheric tests and about 3000 kt from underground tests. 

The energy released by a bomb is sometimes expressed in tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene). When one ton of TNT explodes, 4 X 10 J of energy is released. The fission of 1 mol of uranium releases approximately 2 X 10 J of energy. Calculate the energy released hy the fission of 1.2 kg of uranium in a small atomic homh. Express your answer in tons of TNT. 

Estimating the Energy Released on the Explosion of a Solid One possible reaction for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is as. follows ... 

Explosions are rated in terms of the amount of energy released, commonly expressed as an equivalent quantity of trinitrotoluene (TNT). The theoretical maximum values of explosive potentials for fuels (TNT equivalents) are recorded in Table 4.7. Experimental data indicate, that real yield factors of 10 % are considered reasonable. Note that hydrogen is most potent on a mass basis and least potent on a volumetric basis. It also has the least theoretical explosive potential, when equivalent energy storage is taken into account. 

For this purpose the knowledge on the effects of explosives forms a basis. Many of the available correlations refer to the effect of explosions of TNT (trinitrotoluene). The important difference between the explosion of an explosive and that of a flammable gas is its brisance. It is reflected by a particularly short pressure wave. This is true as well for TNT. Despite this difference the TNT equivalent is the most frequently used model for assessing explosion effects. Values between 4,190 and 4,650 kJ/kg are quoted for the equivalent (cf. [15]). In [2] a value of 4,681 kJ/kg is used. In what follows a value of 4,650 kJ/(kg TNT) is chosen. It serves to convert the energy released in an explosion into an equivalent quantity of TNT. 

TNT-EQUIVALENT. The energy released by the detonation of a nuclear weapon is commonly expressed in terms of TNT-equivalent. This term stands for the amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT) that would be required to release an equivalent amount of energy as that released by the detonation of the nuclear weapon. 

Nuclear weapons are explosive devices that release nuclear energy. An individual nuclear device may have an explosive force equivalent to millions of tons (megatons) of trinitrotoluene (TNT, the chemical explosive traditionally used for such comparisons), and is more than enough to inflict devastating physical damage to a city. 

The first application of nuclear fission was in the development of the atomic bomb. How is such a bomb made and detonated The crucial factor in the bomb s design is the determination of the critical mass for the bomb. A small atomic bomb is equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene). Since 1 ton of TNT releases about 4 X 10 J of energy, 20,000 tons would produce 8 X 10 J. Earlier we saw that 1 mole, or 235 g, of uranium-235 liberates 2.0 X 10 J of energy when it undergoes fission. Thus the mass of the isotope present in a small bomb must be at least... 

One application of toluene that consumes relatively small amounts of the compound but that is very important is in the production of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). TNT is a very desirable explosive because it detonates (explodes) only when shocked or heated to temperatures above 23o°C (450°F), but then releases very large amounts of energy. For many decades, TNT was one of the world s most widely... 

A chemical that can produce a sudden release of energy or gas when subjected to ignition, sudden shock, or high temperature. Example 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene, aka TNT, CAS 118-96-7 A chemical that is easily ignited and burns very rapidly. Sometimes this term is preceded by descriptors, such as Highly or Extremely (Flammable) to denote particularly flammable chemicals. A synonym is inflammable—means the same thing. Example diethyl ether, CAS 60-29-7... 

TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) is widely used as both an industrial and a military explosive. TNT releases no more energy per kilogram than old-fashioned gunpowder, but it is more stable, and it has other useful properties, such as the ability to be melted and cast into desired shapes. 

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