Trihalomethanes, in drinking water

The Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water by Liquid Extraction US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 9 Sept. 1977. 

Although each gas chromatographic method has its own unique considerations, the following description of the determination of trihalomethanes in drinking water provides an instructive example of a typical procedure. 

The analysis of trihalomethanes in drinking water is described in Method f2.i. A single standard gives the following results when carried through the described procedure. 

Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water (Sampling Analysis, Monitoring and Compliance), U.S. Envkonmental Piotection Agency, EPA/570/9-83-002, Washington, D.C., 1983. 

Cech I, Smith V, Henry J. 1982. Spatial and seasonal variations in concentration of trihalomethanes in drinking water. In Albaiges J, ed. Analytical techniques in environmental chemistry, II. New York, NY Pergamon Press, 19-38. 

Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water by the Purge and Trap Method... 

Waller K, Swan SH, DeLorenze G, Hopkins B (1998) Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 9 134—140... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1979) National interim primary drinking water regulations control of trihalomethanes in drinking water Final rules. Fed Regist 44 68624-68705... 

Reding, R. Kollman, W.B. Weisner, M.J. Brass, H.J., "Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water Analysis by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and a Comparison to Purge and Trap", Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater, ASTM STP 686, C.E. Van Hall, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1979, pp. 36-41. 

Khudoley, V.V., Gvildis, V.Y. Pliss, GB. (1989) Identification of some trihalomethanes in drinking water and assessment of their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Vopr. Onkol., 35, 837-842 (in Russian)... 

Henshaw PF, Bewtra JK, Biswas N. 1993. Occurrence of aluminum, lead, and trihalomethanes in drinking water from the Great Lakes. J Great Lakes Res 19 521-532. 

For the analysis of VOCs, the most common column is a 75 m X 0.53 mm i.d. DB-624 fused silica capillary with 3 pm film thickness. A typical DB-624 permits detection from vinyl chloride (bp= 13.9°C and solubility = 2700 g/L) up to 2-chloronaphthalene (bp = 256°C), being therefore suitable to determine a wide range of compounds of different volatilities and polarities. For specific applications, e.g., control of trihalomethanes in drinking water, a short column of 30 m can be used, and the analysis time is, of course, reduced. 

Cancho, B., Ventura, F., and Galceran, M. T., Solid-phase microextraction for the determination of iodinated trihalomethanes in drinking water, J. Chromatogr. A, 841, 197-206, 1999. 

Health Canada has recommended a maximum acceptable level of 350 /ag/L for trihalomethanes in drinking water. The U.S. EPA recommendation is 100 /xg/L. Risk estimates for exposure to trihalomethanes at this concentration based on 2 L of water per day for a 70-kg man is 1 in 2.5 million per year. Chloroform poses the highest cancer risk. 

Chlorinated hydrocarbons frequently have been found in ground and surface drinking water supplies across the United States. In 1979 the EPA proposed maximum concentration limits for trihalomethanes in drinking water. Table 5-9 lists some of the chlorinated hydrocarbons commonly found in well water, as well as typical concentrations present. The Henry s Law constant for these compounds in water at 68°F also is given in this table [12]. 

Hoehn, R.C., C.W. Randall, R.P. Goode, and P.T.B. Shaffer. 1978. Chlorination and water treatment for minimizing trihalomethanes in drinking water. In R.L. Jolley, H. Gorchev, and D.H. Hamilton (Eds.), Water chlorination environmental impact and health effects Vol. 2. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 519-535. 

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