Trichothecene mycotoxins production

Peplow AW, Meek IB, Wiles MC, Phillips TD, Beremand MN (2003) Tril6 is required for esterification of position C-8 during trichothecene mycotoxin production by Fusarium sporoirichioides.Appl Environ Miraobiol 69 5935-5940... 

Peplow AW, Tag AG, Garifullina GF, Beremand MN (2003) Identification of new genes positively regulated by TrilO and a regulatory network for trichothecene mycotoxin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 69 2731-2736... 

Trichothecene mycotoxins can be delivered as dusts, droplets, aerosols, or smoke from aircraft, rockets, missiles, artillery, mines, or portable sprayers. Because of their antipersonnel properties, ease of large-scale production, and apparent proven delivery by various aerial dispersal systems, the trichothecene mycotoxins (especially T-2 toxin) have an excellent potential for weaponization. 

By solid substrate fermentation, T-2 toxin can be produced at approximately 9 g/kg of substrate, with a yield of 2 to 3 g of crystalline product.32 Several of the trichothecene mycotoxins have been produced in liquid culture at medium yields and large volumes of culture for extraction.33 Thus, using existing state-of-the-art fermentation processes that... 

McLachlan A, Shaw KJ, Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Nguyen THL (1992) Production of Trichothecene Mycotoxins by Austrahan Fusarium Species. Food Addit Contam 9 631... 

Suzuki T, Kurisa M, Hoshino Y, Ichinoe M, Nose N, Tokumaru Y, Watanabe A (1980) Production of Trichothecene Mycotoxins of Fusarium sp. in Wheat and Barley Harvested in Saitama Prefecture. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 21 43... 

Nordby, K.-C., Straumfors Halstensen, A., Elen, O., Clasen, P.-E., Langseth, W., Kristensen, W., et al. (2004). Trichothecene mycotoxins and their determinants in settled dust related to grain production. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 11, 75-83. 

GC/FTIR data have also contributed to the structure elucidation of other compounds of biological origin, such as mycotoxins, which are formed by fungal activity in food products under specific environmental conditions of moisture, temperature, and host. Trichothecene mycotoxins, secondary fungal metabolites produced by species of mold, are a natural contaminant of feedstuffs and food. Because they can be toxic to humans and animals, their detection is important. Sehat et al., utilized GC/MI-FTIR and GC/MS to analyze grains for these contaminants. 

Young, J. C. and Games, D. E. 1994. Analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins by gas chromatography—Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. J. Chromatogr. A 663 211—218. Suzuki, T, Kurisu, M., Hoshimo, Y., Ichinoe, M., Nose, N., Tokumaru,Y., andWatanabe, A. 1981. Production of trichothecene mycotoxins of Fusarium species in wheat and barley harvested in Saitama prefecture. J. FoodHyg. Soc. 22 197-205. 

Post-column photolysis to give electroactive products has been used in the measurement of trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in... 

The results of studies focused on changes in the content of trichothecenes in the production of bread and other bakery products are sometimes very different, nevertheless some decrease in contamination of flour was observed, especially in fermented products, where the losses of deoxynivalenol ranged from 15 to 56%. A decrease in concentrations of deoxynivalenol (up to 40%) and some other mycotoxins (nivalenol and acetyloxynivalenols) also occurs after the addition of sulfites to the dough, as sulfites react with trichothecene mycotoxins with the addition to the C-9/C-10 double bond yielding the corresponding hydroxysulfonates. A significant reduction in the content of trichothecenes, especially... 

In the first part of this chapter, we deal with insecticides including miticides and nematocides, which include very useful compounds such as avermectins and milbemycins, produced by bacteria and fungi. We list out microbial insecticides of importance and review the works mainly on the mode of action and biosynthesis of each metabolite. In the next part, major mycotoxins are listed and recent topics on them, especially on their biosynthesis, are described. Since contamination of two major mycotoxin groups, aflatoxins (AFs) and trichothecenes, in food and feed is a worldwide problem, they are treated in detail in the last part of this chapter. Recent studies on their biosynthesis, regulatory mechanism for their production, and inhibitors of their production are described. 

Trichothecenes constitute a mycotoxin family produced by fungal spiecies from several genera, notably Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Myrothecium, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Cylindrocarpon, Verticimonosporium, Acremonium, and Phomopsis. Most of the trichothecenes that have been isolated and characterized chemically are from Fusarium species that grow in the field and are distributed worldwide, representing the important pathogens of grains and other food and feed plants. Trichothecenes ap>p)ear as natural contaminants in cereal grains such as wheat, barley, oat, maize, rice, and derived products, such as bread, malt and beer (Scott, 1989). 

---