Tree-frog

Wabnitz P., Bowie J., Tyler M., Wallace J. and Smith B. (1999). Aquatic sex pheromone from a male tree frog. Nature 401, 444-445. 

Runkle, L.S., Wells, K.D., Robb, C.C and Lance, S.L. (1994) Individual, nightly, and seasonal variation in calling behavior of the gray tree frog, Hyla versicolor implications for energy expenditure. Behav. Ecol. 5, 318-325... 

LC50 (14-d) for Pacific tree frog Pseudacris regilla) 15.2 mg/L, African clawed frog Xenoous laevis) 11.3 mg/L, tadpoles Rana aurora) 22.2 mg/L (Schuytema and Nebeker, 1998). 

Magnificent tree frog Litoria splendida Male Parotoidand rostral glands Attracts female Splendipherin (peptide 25 residues) Wabnitzetfl/., 1999... 

Salamander Eurycea Uslimata and tree frog Hyla chrysocdis tadpoles Green sunfish Rinse Avoidance Petrankaeta/., 1987... 

Pept verucopeptin Actinomadura verrucosospora, Bact. from the Philippines Sugawara 1993) vancomycin (Streptomyces orientalis, Actinom., Bact. from Borneo soil MI) caerulein-like (from Australian tree frog, Litoria splendida, and Hyla caerulea, Amphib. from W Australia Wabnitz 1999). 

Wabnitz, P.A. Bowie, J.H. Tyler, M.J. Wallace, J.C. Smith, B.P. (2000) Differences in the skin peptides of the male and female Australian tree frog Litoria splendida. Eur. J. Biochem., 267, 1-8. 

Caerulein 88, which was isolated from skin extracts from the Australian tree frog Hyla caerula, has a longer-lasting antihypertensive activity than bradykinin or physalaemin. It causes a contraction of the gallbladder and bile ducts, and stimulates... 

The Australian tree frog (Litoria splendida) is native to Western Australia and spends much of its day in caves. The first anuran (frog or toad) pheromone was identified in this species. 

The Australian magnificent tree frog breeds in the water, where males court females. A peptide, now called splendipherin, has been extracted from the male parotid and rostral glands and found to attract females in glass tanks at concentrations of approximately 10-13 moll-1.75 This pheromone attracts females from distances of up to a meter within minutes. 

Cebid monkeys are all arboreal tree dwellers that feed on leaves, fruit, birds eggs, tree frogs, and bark-dwelling insects and their larvae. The night monkey or douroucouh (Aotus trivirgatus), is the only nocturnal New World monkey the rest are diurnal, or active during the day. 

Seto, G. W., Marwaha, S., Kobewka, D. M., et al. (2007) Interactions of the Australian tree frog antimicrobial peptides aurein 1.2, citropin 1.1 and maculatin 1.1 with lipid model membranes Differential scanning calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1768, 2787-2800. 

Mass Spectrom 8 169, 1994 (b) AM Bradford, RJ Waugh, JH Bowie. Characterization of underivatized tetrapeptides by negative-ion fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 9 677-685,1995 (c) ST Steinbomer, JH Bowie. A comparison of the positive- and negative-ion mass spectra of bio-active peptides from the dorsal secretion of the Australian Red Tree frog Iitoria rubella. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10 1243—1247,1996. 

P NMR has been used to investigate the effects of three anti-microbial peptides isolated from Australian tree frogs Litoria caerulea and L. genimacu-lata on the cell membranes of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The wide-spectrum antibiotic peptides caerin 1.1 and maculatin 1.1 disrupted cell membranes causing an increase in the isotropic P NMR signal. However, caerin 4.1, a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, did not affect the P spectra of these bacteria. ... 

Caerin 1 peptides, a family of antibiotic peptide amides from the skin secretion of the Australian tree frog of the genus... 

ESI-TOF/MS is a valuable technique for determination of TTX, although it is not widely used so far in marine toxin determination. In this analysis, a portion of purified TTX (less than 0.05 mg) is dissolved in a small amount of 1% acetic acid, and added to 50% aqueous methanol. ESI-TOF/MS is taken on a Micromass Q-Tof Mass Spectrometer (Tokyo). Recently, TTX in a tree frog Polypedates sp. extract has been successfully analyzed by ESI-TOF/MS analysis (Tanu et al, 2001). As shown in Figure 14, in the spectrum of the toxin, protonated molecular ion peak (M -f H)" " appeared at m/z = 320.1103, suggesting the molecular weight of the toxin to be 319.1025 which agrees well with that of authentic TTX (CnHivNjOs = 319.1016). 

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