African clawed frog

Du Preez, L.H., Solomon, K.R., and Carr, J. A. et al. (2005). Population structure of the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) in maize-growing areas with atrazine application versus non-maize-growing areas in South Africa. African Journal of Herpetology 54, 61-68. 

Pearl C., Cervantes M., Chan M., Ho U., et al. (2000). Evidence for a mate-attracting chemosignal in the dwarf African clawed frog Hymenochirus spp. Horm Behav 38, 67-74. 

Petti M.A., Matheson S.F. and Burd G.D. (1999). Differential antigen expression during metamorphosis in the tripartite olfactory system of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Cell Tiss Res 297, 383-396. 

South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis Fed worms from lead-contaminated soils ... 

Newt, Triturus cristatus, adults, held in tank with a zinc-plated base South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis 200 to 3000 overa 7-day period Zinc-poisoned newts were lethargic, ate poorly, and had skin darkening prior to death. Zinc residues were elevated in kidney, brain, liver, and intestine, when compared to controls. The hippocampus region of the brain of poisoned newts contained zinc-rich cells 82... 

Sullivan, K.B., and Spence, K.M., Effects of sublethal concentrations of atrazine and nitrate on metamorphosis of the African clawed frog, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 627, 2003. 

Oocytes from the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, provide a reliable and powerful system for the transient heterologous expression of proteins. The use of this expression system has become very popular as oocytes have a high translational capacity and they are able to express multi-subunit proteins derived from exogenously introduced RNA or DNA. Furthermore, the expressed receptors frequently appear to be correctly assembled, post-translationally modified and oriented to the appropriate site. The relative scarcity of endogenous ion channels in the oocyte membrane makes it a versatile tool for the study of a range of heterologously expressed ion channel proteins. 

LC50 (14-d) for Pacific tree frog Pseudacris regilla) 15.2 mg/L, African clawed frog Xenoous laevis) 11.3 mg/L, tadpoles Rana aurora) 22.2 mg/L (Schuytema and Nebeker, 1998). 

Schuytema, G.S. and Nebeker, A.V. Comparative toxicity of diuron on survival and growth of Pacific treefrog, bullfrog, red-legged frog, and African clawed frog embryos and tadpoles. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 34(4) 370-376, 1998. 

Zielinski, W. J. and Barthalmus, G. T. (1989). African clawed frog skin compounds antipredatoiy effects on African and North American watersnakes. Animal Behaviour 38,1038-1086. 

South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis... 

Hecker, M., J.P. Giesy, P.D. Jones, A.M. Jooste, J.A. Carr, K.R. Solomon, E.E. Smith, G. Van Der Rraak, R.J. Kendall, and L. Du Preez (2004). Plasma sex steroid concentrations and gonadal aromatase activities in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) from South Africa. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23(8) 1996-2007. 

Pickford DB, Hetheridge MJ, Caunter JE, Tilghman Hall A, Hutchinson TH. 2003. Assessing chronic toxicity of bisphenol A to larvae of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in a flow-through exposure system. Chemosphere 53 223-235. 

---