Treatment of Glaucoma

Physostigmme an alkaloid obtained from a West African plant is used in the treatment of glaucoma Treatment of physostigmme with methyl iodide gives a quaternary ammonium salt What IS the structure of this salt" ... 

Aceta2olamide, the best example of this class of diuretics (69,70), is rarely used as a diuretic since the introduction of the thia2ides. Its main use is for the treatment of glaucoma and some minor uses, eg, for the a1ka1ini2ation of the urine to accelerate the renal excretion of some weak acidic dmgs, and for the prevention of acute high altitude mountain sickness. 

Diuretics are one of the dmg categories most frequendy prescribed. The principal uses of diuretics are for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and mobilization of edema fluid in renal failure, fiver cirrhosis, and ascites. Other applications include the treatment of glaucoma and hypercalcemia, as well as the alkafinization of urine to prevent cystine and uric acid kidney stones. 

Therapeutic Function Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diuretic, treatment of glaucoma Chemical Name N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] acetamide Common Name —... 

The use of CA inhibitors as diuretics is limited by their propensity to cause metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia. Their use can be indicated in patients with metabolic alkalosis and secondary hyperaldosteronism resulting for example from aggressive use of loop diuretics. Furthermore, CA inhibitors are effective dtugs to produce a relatively alkaline urine for the treatment of cysteine and uric acid stones as well as for the accelerated excretion of salicylates. Perhaps the most common use of CA inhibitors is in the treatment of glaucoma. 

For example, PGF201 agonists such as latanaprost have been developed as eyedrops to reduce intraocular pressure for the treatment of glaucoma. Topical instillation of these agonists is effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used as a first-line therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. 

The major uses of the cholinergic drugp are in the treatment of glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and urinary retention. 

These drugs dilate the pupil (mydriasis), constrict superficial blood vessels of the sclera, and decrease the formation of aqueous humor. Depending on the specific drug and strength, these dru may be used before eye surgery in the treatment of glaucoma, for relief of minor eye irritation, and to dilate the pupil for examination of the eye... 

Hyaluronic acid is a linear polysaccharide found in the highest concentrations in soft connective tissues where it fills an important structural role in the organization of the extracellular matrix (23,24). It has been used in ophthalmic preparations to enhance ocular absorption of timolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of glaucoma (25), and in a viscoelastic tear formulation for conjunctivitis (26). The covalent binding of adriamycin and daunomycin to sodium hy-aluronate to produce water-soluble conjugates was recently reported (27). 

Viader MP, McKeever BM, Navia MA. Thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamides novel topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. J Med Chem 1989 32 2510-13. 

The synthesis of a monocarbamate (monothiocarbamate) from trihydroxy-abdenone, CDI, and piperidine is described in conjunction with tests of drugs for treatment of glaucoma [205]... 

Which of the following occurs in the treatment of glaucoma with a p-adrenergic antagonist ... 

Gurny R (1981) Preliminary study of prolonged acting drug delivery system for the treatment of glaucoma. Pharm Acta Helv 56 130-132. 

Furthermore, by in vitro experiments, it has been verified that stereospecific activation of alprenoxime is organ-specific, occurring in the eye and not systemically. When administered locally to rabbits, marked decreases in intra-ocular pressure were observed, whereas oral administration elicited almost no cardiac effects. Such ketoximes represent promising chemical delivery systems in the treatment of glaucoma However, a major limitation is their poor stability in solution, seemingly due to hydrolysis of the oxime function. 

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, which reduces intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humour production. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma. Acetazolamide is administered systemically. Recently newer carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have been developed, which are available as topical agents (for example, dorzolamide). 

Q57 Pilocarpine is a tertiary amine parasympathomimetic agent that is mainly used in the treatment of glaucoma. Pilocarpine is commonly administered with timolol eye drops. 

Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is administered orally for the treatment of glaucoma. Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors include dorzolamide and brinzolamide. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce the production of aqueous humour, thereby reducing intraocular pressure. They can be used alone or in addition to beta-blocker therapy in glaucoma patients. 

Pilocarpine is classified as a tertiary amine that has parasympathomimetic activity. When administered as eye drops, it causes pupillary constriction or miosis and is therefore indicated in the treatment of glaucoma. In glaucoma, multiple-drug therapy may be necessary to achieve the desired intraocular control. Pilocarpine may be used in combination with topical beta-blockers such as timolol. 

Clinical use of reversible inhibitors is directed to eye, skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junctions, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and heart and used in treatment of glaucoma (an ocular disease caused by increased intraocular pressure due to inadequate drainage of aqueous humor at filtration angle), myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease... 

Mydriasis is induced by ai-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of the radial pupillary dilator muscle of the iris. Furthermore, activation of this receptor subtype induces an increased outflow of humor from the eye while /i-adrenoceptor stimulation mediate an enhanced humor production which contributes to an increased intraocular pressure. /3-Adrenoceptor antagonists (/3-blocker) can be used in the treatment of glaucoma. 

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