Treatment, history

Treatment considerations for antiretroviral-experienced patients are much more complex than for patients who are naive to therapy. Prior to changing therapy, the reasons for treatment failure should be identified. A comprehensive review of the patient s severity of disease, antiretroviral treatment history, adherence to therapy, intolerance or toxicity, concomitant drug therapies, co-morbidities, and results of current and past HIV resistance testing should be performed. If patients fail therapy due to poor adherence, the underlying reasons must be determined and addressed prior to initiation of new therapy. Reasons for poor adherence include problems with medication access, active substance abuse, depression and/or denial of the disease, and a lack of education on the importance of 100%... 

Based on HIV-1 drug resistance genotypic test results at the Screening Visit and prior treatment history, the investigator considers lopinavir/ritonavir plus at least two NRTIs to be an appropriate treatment for the subject. 

Concomitant therapy with efavirenz, nevirapine, fosamprenavir, or nelfinavir-Consider a dose increase to 533/133 mg lopinavir/ritonavir (4 capsules or 6.5 mL) twice daily taken with food when used in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, amprenavir, or nelfinavir, or 600/150 mg (3 tablets) twice daily with or without food when used in combination with efavirenz, nevirapine, fosamprenavir without ritonavir, or nelfinavir in treatment-experienced patients where decreased susceptibility to lopinavir is clinically suspected (by treatment history or laboratory evidence). 

In treatment-naive patients, consider emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as an alternative to the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus lamivudine (3TC) for those patients who might benefit from a once-daily regimen. In treatment-experienced patients, guide the use of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by laboratory testing and treatment history. 

Hypersensitivity to this or any product of murine origin anti-mouse antibody titers greater than or equal to 1 1000 patients in fluid overload or uncompensated heart failure, as evidenced by chest x-ray or greater than 3% weight gain within the week prior to treatment history of seizures or predisposition to seizures pregnancy breastfeeding. 

The initial choice of therapy is also dictated by the severity of the depression (e.g., the severity of depressive symptoms impedes an adequate trial of psychotherapy), subtype of depression (e.g., presence of psychosis, seasonal depression, or treatment-resistant depressions) presence of comorbid disorders, prior treatment history, child and parent motivation toward treatment, and the clinician s motivation and expertise in implementing any specific intervention. 

The 2004 Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia recommends indefinite maintenance treatment for patients who have had at least two episodes of psychosis within 5 years or who have had multiple previous episodes (Lehman et al. 2004). Maintenance therapy should involve the lowest possible doses of antipsychotic drugs, and patients should be monitored closely for symptoms of relapse. If the patient is compliant with treatment, oral medications are usually sufficient. However, if the patient s treatment history suggests that the patient may not reliably take daily oral medication, a long-acting depot preparation may be indicated. 

Recently, a large study in the USA (CATIE) reported that perphenazine was as effective as atypical antipsychotic drugs, with the modest exception of olanzapine, and concluded that typical antipsychotic drugs are the treatment of choice for schizophrenia based on their lower cost. However, this study did not adequately consider the risk of tardivedyskinesia or the treatment history of patients in the design of this study. 

Trial guidelines, or eligibility requirements, are developed by the researchers and usually include criteria for age, sex, type and stage of disease, previous treatment history, and other medical conditions. Some trials in-... 

Diagnosing treatment resistance. Many patients have a difficult time with antidepressants, and following a trial with several of drugs, it is easy to conclude that they are treatment-resistant. Prior to concluding that a patient is not responding to antidepressants and therefore truly treatment-resistant, however, it is necessary to carefully review the treatment history to rule out medication intolerance masquerading as medication resistance (e.g., many medications tried, but few adequate trials of full doses for 4 to 8 weeks). The solution to medication intolerance may be to augment with an antidepressant that cancels the side effects of the antidepressant that is not tolerable. 

Clean and efficient heat exchangers are a prerequisite if the water treater wishes to retain business, and therefore some considerable effort must be made to properly understand not only the design characteristics of this equipment but also the current and previous water treatment history. 

VSL, and X designations are all used in various contexts to describe the same waste streams and the permit parameters. The Army s Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) directs the chemical stockpile disposal program and in recent years has attempted to move away from the X designations to a consistent characterization system that is based on treatment history. 

Abrasive particles are a key component in CMP slurry. The most commonly used abrasive particles include silica, alumina, ceria, zirconia, titania, and diamond. Table 21.1 listed a set of information on each type of abrasive particles such as density, microhardness, and isoelectric points (lEP). It is important to point out that the specific values for these properties depend highly on the preparation techniques and the specific states of the samples. The values listed in the table represent an average of the most commonly reported data. For example, the isoelectric point for silica is a function of the number of hydroxyl groups, type and level of adsorbed species, metal impurity in the solid matrix, and the treatment history of the materials [1]. There are three major types of silica according to their preparation methods fumed, colloidal, and precipitated. The common sources for obtaining these abrasive particles are listed in Table 21.2. As examples, some of the more specific information on... 

A statement that the patient will be required to give a full and accurate clinical and treatment history on study entry and periodically thereafter (according to the study design). 

C) Plasma-treatment variables In all of the above comparisons, the various mica samples had been exposed to plasmas under arbitrarily selected, constant conditions of monomer pressure, plasma duration and applied power. It is very probable (2, that these variables and possibly others, such as reactor geometry and post-treatment history, may influence strongly the magnitude of surface modification effects attained by the present route. For this reason the performance modifications of polymer composites will also depend on the exact selection of treatment variables. 

The rate of dissolution is not strictly a function of the surface area of the interface, as indicated in Eq. [2], but is actually related to the reactive surface area (Helgeson et al., 1984), an ill-defined term relating the surface area and its reactivity to the rate of reaction. In theory, the reactivity of the surface is a function of the free energies and relative surface areas of different crystal faces, the abundance and type of surface defects present, sample treatment history, and other factors (Helgeson et al., 1984). Modification of Eq. [2] to account for variations in surface reactivity gives... 

Between September 1995 and November 2000, 70 patients were vaccinated after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT ) with one of two formulations of Theratope (Biomira, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) coupled with Detox B SE (Detox B) (Corixa, Hamilton, MT). The difference between the two formulations was that the later one has an increased ratio of STn conjugated to KLH compared to the first formulation. The vaccination schedule for the two different formulations was previously published as well as medical treatment history of ASCT patients 18). 

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