Sodium waste

There are a lot of accidents which occur when ethanol is used without taking enough precautions when destroying sodium waste. With organometailic compounds an alkoxide is formed. 

Large amounts of sodium waste arise from fast neutron reactors (Phenix and Superphenix in France, Dounreay in the UK, Monju in Japan), which are cooled by large amounts of liquid sodium, which is contaminated by 137Cs during its functioning. We shall see that it is possible to remove radioactive cesium after conversion of liquid sodium to sodium hydroxide. 

Extreme caution is necessary during the preparation and transfer of the sodium shavings because of the large amount of sodium placed in the flask. The flask must be free of flaws and sodium waste must be carefully destroyed with ethanol. 

Extraction Studies on ICPP High Sodium Waste... 

Zr-Al coprocess waste test, the feed, extractant, and scrub flows were 1, 0.5, and 0.1 mL/min, respectively. For the high sodium concentration waste, the feed, extractant, and scrub flows were 0.75, 1, and 0.25 mL/min, respectively. Samples of raffinate were drawn for analytical analysis approximately five hours after equilibrium had been reached. The resultant decontamination factors agreed reasonably well with our calculations. For the coprocess waste run, we expected an americium decontamination factor of 200. We purposely built in a large, overkillM in the sodium waste run by increasing the organic to aqueous flow rates. The sodium waste run produced a raffinate that, when calcined, would be well below the guideline for alpha-free waste with no allowance for decay. Analytical analysis of feeds and raffinates confirmed our batch results in that actinides were fractionated from major waste constituents such as aluminum, zirconium, sodium, and fluoride. 

Trauma (and other causes of acute blood loss), C third-spacmg of fluid (e.g., burns, pancreatitis, peritonitis), vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, renal or adrenal (i.e., sodium wasting) disease v Heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, iatrogenic (intravenous fluid overload) ... 

Mineral corticosteroids help the body to maintain the correct serum sodium levels. Florinef is the preferred medication for Addison s disease, primary hypoaldosteronism, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia when sodium wasting occurs. 

Thus in the field of the decommissioning of LMFR the term of sodium waste treatment is generally used. This term gathers all the processes that can be used to transform sodium to a chemical stable product to achieve the global decommission of the reactor [8],... 

RODRIGUEZ, G., SAROUL, J., ARNAULD DES LIONS, J.P., Methods for sodium waste treatment coming from liquid metal fast reactors, Proc. World Nuclear Congress and Expo (ENC 98) Trans., Nice, France, 25-28 October 1998, Vol. IV, Workshops, (1998) pp. 85-89. 

RODRIGUEZ, G., MASSE, F., ROBIN, J C, BERTE, M., BUCHWALDER, M., SERF ANTE, J.P., Sodium waste treatment from process development to industrial application, Proc. Inti. Conf. On Safe Management and Disposal of Nuclear Waste (SAFEWASTE 2000), Montpellier, France, 1-5 October 2000, Societe Francaise d energie nucleaire (SFEN), Paris, Vol 1, (2000) pp. 346-356. 

When the IAEA dismantling level 1 is reached, the fissile materials have to be removed and the plant fluids and products treated. This document describes the fate decided for the sodium wastes from Superphenix and succinctly describes the method adopted for treating reactor sodium. 

Sodium wastes are processed by a discontinue water jet, thrown by a hose, under air atmosphere. Operators are outside the process area and they drive the hose. Sodium/water reactions are sudden. The main advantage of this process is its processing speed, and its adaptability. Though, gas effluents control is tricky. 

Sodium wastes are treated with water atomization in an inert gas flow. The inert gas acts as a coolant and prevents hydrogen ignition by diluting it. The waste is placed in special perforated metal baskets. This preparation is a prime necessity to obtain an efficient treatment. All sodium must be easily accessible to water. 

The active cleaning enclosure used at the CEA has a diameter of 3 meters and can accept 1000 kg of metallic wastes per load. This process is efficient for sodium waste treatment. 

Electrolyte balance Severe clinical confusion secondary to hyponatremia has been associated with pregabahn and attributed to pregabalin-induced sodium wasting nephropathy [274 ]. 

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