Transverse magnetic field

Dehberate stirring can be imposed on conductors with a transverse rotating magnetic field or by passage of electric current axially with a transverse magnetic field. Conversely, a constant magnetic field with no current imposed greatly reduces natural convection. 

Langer et al. [10] measured also electrical resistance of individual MWCNTs at very low temperatures and in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. As for the case of the microbundle, the CNTs were synthesised using the standard carbon arc-discharge technique. Electrical gold contacts have been attached to the CNTs via local electron beam lithography with an STM. The measured individual MWCNT had a diameter of about 20 nm and a total length of the order of 1 im. 

M. Mihelcic, K. Wingerath. Threedimensional simulations of the Czochralski bulk flow in a stationary transverse magnetic field and in a vertical magnetic field Effects on the asymmetry of the flow and temperature distribution in the Si-melt. J Cryst Growth S2 318, 1987. 

Fig. 6.1 Mossbauer spectra of an amorphous frozen aqueous solution of 0.03 M Fe(N03)3, obtained at 4.5 K with various applied transverse magnetic fields. The bar diagrams indicate theoretical line positions of the spectral components. The lines are fits to the experimental data. (Reprinted with permission from [12] copyright 1977 by Elsevier)...

Fig. 6.4 Mossbauer spectra of NH4Fe(S04)2-12H20 at 113 K. (a) In zero applied magnetic field (b) In a transverse magnetic field of 0.8 T...

Fig. 6.6 Mossbauer spectra of NH4( Teo.o2Alo.98)(S04)2-12H20 obtained at the indicated temperatures in a transverse magnetic field of 1.23 T. The full lines are fits to a model for longitudinal relaxation. (Reprinted with permission from [32] copyright 1979 by the Institute of Physics)...

The SIN defined by Equation 7.6 for a given NMR resonance is proportional to the square of the nuclear precession frequency (mo, rad/s), the magnitude of the transverse magnetic field (Bi) induced in the RE coil per unit current (/), the number of spins per unit volume (Ns), the sample volume (Vs), and a scaling constant that accounts for magnetic field inhomogeneities. The SIN is inversely proportional to the noise generated in the RE receiver and by the sample (Vnoise) as defined by the Nyquist theorem,... 

Starting from Maxwell s equations with the ansatz of monochromatic, z-propagating fields, E, H Qx i k- co t)), transversal and longitudinal components get decoupled if the refractive index distribution is z-independent. Two physically equivalently meaningful equations for the transversal electric and the transversal magnetic field. 

A larger frequency shift is possible if the laser is placed in longitudinal or transverse magnetic fields which cause a Zeeman splitting of the upper and lower laser level. With polarizers and quarter wavelength plates one can select the shifted a+ or a- component... 

Now let us generalize it to a one-dimensional lattice with N sites in a transverse magnetic field and with impurities. The Hamiltonian for such a system is given by [59]... 

After their creation, positive ions are accelerated through a voltage difference V. They thus acquire a velocity t> that depends on their mass m. Following acceleration, the ions enter a transversal magnetic field of intensity B. The orientation of this field does not modify the ions velocity but forces them on a circular trajectory that is a function of their m/z ratio. The fundamental relationship of dynamics F = ma (a designates acceleration), applied to ions of mass m on which a Lorentz force F = qv A B is exerted leads to the following relationship ... 

Figure 9. Thermocouple measurement as a function of time with increasing strength of an applied transverse magnetic field in a vertical Bridgman growth system by Kim (62). Oscillations are damped by the field.

In the case of the 1S-3S transition in hydrogen and for an estimated velocity of v=3km/s, the shift is Av =l4A kHz. We can t measure the velocity distribution by observing the Doppler broadened 1S-2P transition at 121 nm with a colinear laser beam, because the production of Lyman-a radiation is very difficult. In 1991 a method to compensate or at least to measure this effect was proposed by F. Biraben [7]. The basic idea is to apply a transverse magnetic field B in the atom-laser interaction region. This field has two effects ... 

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic representation of SPP as charge oscillations at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. It is clear from this picture that the electric field has a longitudinal (z-direction) component that is njl out of phase with the transverse component (x-direction). (b) Calculated transverse magnetic field (y-direction) for an SPP above gold at free-space wavelength of 700 nm. The SPP wavelength is shorter than the Iree-space wavelength, as described in the text... 

Fig. 4 (a) Schematic of MIM stracture with gap d. Transverse magnetic field is shown in red, which has a hyperbolic cosine dependence in the gap and exponential decay into the metal, (b) Effective refractive index of waveguide mode within MIM gap, which increases as the gap is made smaller. Calculations for two free-space wavelengths are shown using the relative permittivity of gold and the difference is used to estimate the group index ( g), which also increases as the gap is made smaller. Therefore, the light slows down as the gap is made smaller... 

P. Werner, K. Volker, M. Troyer, and S. Chakravarty (2005) Phase diagram and critical exponents of a dissipative Ising spin chain in a transverse magnetic field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, p. 047201... 

Wirz P., Debus H., Hanle W. and Scharmann A. (1982) Synchronous multielement detection by forward scattering in a transverse magnetic field (SYNFO), Spectrochim Acta, Part B 37 1013-1020. 

The spatial distribution of Bi. completely describes the receptivity pattern of the surface coil. This distribution can he obtained for any coil geometry from the Biot-Savart law (2.3.8) l.etl). Field distributions simulated for a one-turn receiver coil are shown in Fig. 9.2.3 [Bos 11. Contours of constant field are shown for the j v plane al c = 0 (Fig. 9.2.3(a)) and for the yz plane at x =0 (Fig. 9.2.3(b)). High values of B, . and thus high signal sensitivity is found near the coil wires. With increasing distance y from the coil the transverse magnetic field falls off rapidly. The shape of the Biyy distribution in the. vy plane is distinctly different from that in they plane. This results from the fact that two transverse components of B exist in the jtv plane but only one in the yz plane. In... 

The vibration of melt is generated by superposition of steady transverse magnetic field on the melting zone. Vibration of molten metal contributes to the metal crystallization with a fine-grain, homogeneous structure of cast grains. 

In MEM in transverse magnetic field a vibration of melt, refining the crystalline structure of the ingot, is created. 

In this assembly, the positive ions generated are first accelerated through a voltage difference U. They take up a velocity v which depends upon their mass m (cf. Section 16.3.1) and are then submitted to a transverse magnetic field B... 

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