Transporter Network Examples

Freshly isolated or subcultured brain microvascular endothelial cells offer a notable in vitro tool to study drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. Cells can be grown to monolayers on culture plates or permeable membrane supports. The cells retain the major characteristics of brain endothelial cells in vivo, such as the morphology, specific biochemical markers of the blood-brain barrier, and the intercellular tight junctional network. Examples of these markers are y-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, von-Willebrandt factor-related antigen, and ZO-1 tight junctional protein. The methods of... 

To dlustrate the dependencies between subsystems that lead to interdependencies an example of the coupling between the electric power system and the gas transportation network is presented (Fig. 2). Subsystems of the single infrastructures are dependent on the fimctionahty of subsystems of other infrastructures. In this example we see that generators of the EPS are... 

Not all critical products or services result in immediate damage or cascading breakdown when they are disrupted or broken down (Luiijf et al. 2003). Clearly there are substantial differences depending on nature of infrastructure or in the presence of, for example, stock buffers power failure or stop of a transport network will have different consecpiences for society within a few hours or in the much longer term. 

Enable processes address resources that can be shared among multiple supply chain spheres. Examples are various types of facilities, the transportation network, distribution centers, contracted service providers, metrics, information systems, and preferred suppliers. 

In the example shown in Fig. 15.20, the ring may be part of an access network collecting voice traffic to be connected to the voice switch and private line traffic to be connected to the interoffice transport network. The VT cross connect consoKdates traffic having the same destination from the switch and the... 

The STS-1 SPE allows the bandwidth of the fiber transport network to be managed in 50-Mb/s chunks. For example, m STS cross connect can provide the flexible interconnection of STS-1 SPEs between a large number of OC-N interfaces. In many parts of the network, however, the STS-1 granularity is too coarse to allow efficient bandwidth management. 

This effect is not only observed in mechanical systems, but in most networks. Transport networks for example have the two properties (distance and capacity) that follow the same law. So the results foimd here should be generally applicable... 

Supply chains also use responsive transportation to centralize inventories and operate with fewer facilities. For example, Amazon relies on package carriers and the postal system to deliver customer orders from centralized warehouses. McMaster-Carr uses ground transportation and package carriers to provide next-day delivery of a wide variety of MRO products to about 90 percent of U.S. businesses from five distribution centers. The location of its distribution centers along with an effective transportation network allows McMaster to be very responsive while using a low-cost mode of transportation. 

Table 14-2 summarizes the pros and cons of the various transportation network options discussed. We illustrate some of these choices in Example 14-1. 

Large-scale utilization of the NSR is closely intertwined with the socio-economic development of the Arctic. The NSR constitutes a primary conveyor of cargo flows to and from the region due to undeveloped transport networks. Traditionally, the vessel sizes in the NSR have been relatively small compared to their open-water counterparts. For example, in 1987, the hitherto peak year of the NSR, the average cargo size was just over 5000 tonnes (AMSA 2009). This undermines the NSR s overall competitiveness compared to conventional canal routes, which depend on economies of scale. However, continued newbuildings of LNG and tanker sectors appear to challenge this trend. 

A useful way to view an industrial ecosystem is geographically, often on the basis of a transportation network. An example is the Houston Ship Channel, which stretches for many kilometers and is bordered by a large number of petrochemical concerns that exist to mutual advantage through the exchange of materials and energy. The purification of natural gas by concerns located along the channel yields lower molecular mass hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane that can be used by other concerns, for example, in polymers manufacture. Sulfur removed from natural gas and petroleum can be used to manufacture sulfuric acid, which in turn is a key raw material for the manufacture of a number of other chemicals. 

The pore geometry described in the above section plays a dominant role in the fluid transport through the media. For example, Katz and Thompson [64] reported a strong correlation between permeability and the size of the pore throat determined from Hg intrusion experiments. This is often understood in terms of a capillary model for porous media in which the main contribution to the single phase flow is the smallest restriction in the pore network, i.e., the pore throat. On the other hand, understanding multiphase flow in porous media requires a more complete picture of the pore network, including pore body and pore throat. For example, in a capillary model, complete displacement of both phases can be achieved. However, in real porous media, one finds that displacement of one or both phases can be hindered, giving rise to the concept of residue saturation. In the production of crude oil, this often dictates the fraction of oil that will not flow. 

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