Transport systems/transporters glucose

Several active transport systems that are normally found in the small intestinal enterocytes have been characterized in the Caco-2 cell model [13]. These include transport systems for glucose [32, 33], amino acids [34-37], dipeptides [38-40], vitamins [41], and bile acids [42, 43]. 

Oyama Y, Yamano H, Ohkuma A, Ogawara K, Higaki K, Kimura T (1999) Carrier-mediated transport systems for glucose in mucosal cells of the human oral cavity. J Pharm Sci 88 830-834... 

Energetics of Symport Suppose that you determined experimentally that a cellular transport system for glucose, driven by symport of Na+, could accumulate glucose to concentrations 25 times greater than in the external medium, while the external [Na+] was only 10 times greater than the intracellular [Na+]. Would this violate the laws of thermodynamics If not, how could you explain this observation ... 

C) adipose cells have a transport system for glucose that is regulated by insulin... 

Farese, R.V. Insulin-sensitive phospholipid signaling systems and glucose transport. Update II. Exp. Biol. Med. (May-wood), 2001, 226, 283-295. 

Free amino acids are transported into enterocytes by four active, carrier-mediated, Na+-dependent transport systems remarkably similar to the system for glucose. These systems transport, respectively, neutral amino acids basic amino acids (Lys, Arg, His) and cystine aspartic and glutamic acids and glycine and imino acids. Some amino acids (e.g., glycine) have affinities for more... 

Monocarboxylic acids, including L-lactate, acetate, pyruvate, and the ketone bodies acetoacetate and (3-hydroxybutyrate, are transported by a separate stere-ospecific system that is slower than the transport system for glucose. During starvation, when the level of ketone bodies in the blood is elevated, this transporter is upregulated. Ketone bodies are important fuels for the brain of both the adult and the neonate during prolonged starvation (greater than 48 hours). 

SIDEMAN I was intrigued by a side point regarding the L- and D-glucose. We here have developed a system for glucose transport between maternal and fetal circulation. Would it be useful to use L-glucose against which to compare D-glucose transport across a live placenta ... 

Wamecke D, Schwartz AS and Hofer M (1982) Properties of the transport system for glucose in Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii. Zbl Bakt Hyg, Abt IC 3 547-548 Wawszkiewicz EL and Barker HA (1968) Erythritol metabolism by Propionibacterium pentosaceum. The overall reaction sequence. J Biol Chem 243 1948-1956 Webster GF and Cummins CS (1978) Use of bacteriophage typing to distinguish Propionibacterium acnes types I and II. J Clin Microbiol 7 84-90 Wegner WS, Reeves HC, Rabin R and Ajl SJ (1968) Alternative pathways of metabolism of short chain fatty acids. Bacteriol Rev 32 1-26... 

Kim, O.B., Richter, H., Zaunmiiller, T, et al. (2011) Role of secondary transporters and phosphotransferase systems in glucose transport by Oenococcus oeni. J Bacteriol 193,6902-6911. 

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